Moving beyond the concept of altered state of consciousness: the Non-Ordinary Mental Expressions (NOMEs)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.83.9935Keywords:
consciousness, altered states of consciousness, non-ordinary mental expressions, anomalous experiences, exceptional experiencesAbstract
Aim of this paper is to review the state of the art of so-called altered states of consciousness, anomalous experiences, and exceptional human experiences, showing the need for reappraising the whole topic and gather them under one roof. The term Non-Ordinary Mental Expressions (NOMEs) and a new classification of non-pathological ostensibly odd phenomena is introduced, emphasizing their epistemological, transcultural and interdisciplinary implications with their huge implications in medical and psychotherapeutical clinical practice.
References
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[28] Facco, E., Bacci, C., Casiglia, E., & Zanette, G. (2021). Preserved critical ability and free will in deep hypnosis during oral surgery. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 63(3), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2020.1797625
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[32] Wakefield, J. C. (2010). Misdiagnosing normality: Psychiatry’s failure to address the problem of false positive diagnoses of mental disorder in a changing professional environment. J Ment.Health, 19(1360-0567 (Electronic)), 337–351.
[33] Facco, E., Mendozzi, L., Bona, A., Motta, A., Garegnani, M., Costantini, I., … Lipari, S. (2019). Dissociative identity as a continuum from healthy mind to psychiatric disorders: epistemological and neurophenomenological implications approached through hypnosis. Medical Hypotheses, 130(109274). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109274
[34] Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[35] Cardeña, E., & Facco, E. (2015). Non-Ordinary Mental Expressions. Lausanne, CH: Frontiers Media SA.
[36] Facco, E. (2018). Ipnosi ed esperienze di premorte nel continuum delle espressioni non ordinarie della mente. IPNOSI, (1), 13–38. https://doi.org/10.3280/IPN2018-001002
[37] Facco, E., Lucangeli, D., & Tressoldi, P. (2017). On the Science of Consciousness: Epistemological Reflections and Clinical Implications. EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing, 13(3), 163–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2017.02.007
[38] Russell, B. (1912). Problems of Philosophy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
[39] Arieti, S. (1967). The intrapsychic self: Feeling, cognition, and creativity in health and mental illness. New York, NY: Basic Books.
[40] Assagioli, R. (1988). Transpersonal Development. (2007th ed.). Forres, Scotland: Smilin Wisdom, imprint of Inner Way Productions.
[41] Forman, R. C. K. (1998). What does mysticism have to teach us about consciousness? J.Consciousness Studies, 5(2), 185–201.
[42] Facco, E. (2014). Meditazione e Ipnosi tra neuroscienze, filosofia e pregiudizio. Lungavilla, PV, Italy: Altravista.
[43] Facco, E. (2017). Meditation and Hypnosis: Two Sides of the Same Coin? International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 65(2), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2017.1276361
[44] Facco, E. (2010). Esperienze di premorte. Scienza e coscienza ai confini tra fisica e metafisica. Lungavilla (PV): Edizioni Altravista.
[45] Bentall, R. P. (2014). Hallucinatory experience. In E. Cardena, S. Lynn J., & S. Krippner (Eds.), The varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence. (Vol. 2nd, pp. 109–143). Washington: American Psychologcal Association.
[46] Cardena, E. (2005). The phenomenology of deep hypnosis: quiescent and physically active. Int.J Clin.Exp.Hypn., 53(0020-7144 (Print)), 37–59.
[47] Facco, E., Casiglia, E., Al Khafaji, B. E., Finatti, F., Duma, G. M., Mento, G., … Tressoldi, P. (2019). The neurophenomenology of out-of-body experiences induced by hypnotic suggestions. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 67(1), 39–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2019.1553762
[48] Barnier, A. J., & Nash, M. R. (2008). Introduction: a roadmap for explanation, a working definition. In M. R. Nash & A. J. Barnier (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of hypnosis. (p. 18). New York: Oxford University Press.
[49] Facco, E., Testoni, I., Ronconi, L., Casiglia, E., Zanette, G., & Spiegel, D. (2017). Psychological Features of Hypnotizability: A First Step Towards Its Empirical Definition. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 65(1), 98–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2017.1246881
[50] Cardeña, E. (2018). The experimental evidence for parapsychological phenomena: A review. American Psychologist, 73(5), 663–677. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000236
[51] Facco, E., & Agrillo, C. (2012). Near-death experiences between science and prejudice. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6(art. 209), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00209
[52] Parnia, S., Spearpoint, K., de, V. G., Fenwick, P., Goldberg, D., Yang, J., … Schoenfeld, E. R. (2014). AWARE-Awareness during Resuscitation-A prospective study. Resuscitation, 85(12), 1799–1805.
[53] van Lommel, P., van Wees, R., Meyers, V., & Elfferich, I. (2001). Near-death experience in survivors of cardiac arrest: a prospective study in the Netherlands. Lancet (London, England), 358(9298), 2039–2045. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07100-8
[54] Braithwaite, J. J., Samson, D., Apperly, I., Broglia, E., & Hulleman, J. (2011). Cognitive correlates of the spontaneous out-of-body experience (OBE) in the psychologically normal population: Evidence for an increased role of temporal-lobe instability, body-distortion processing, and impairments in own-body transformations. Cortex, 47(7), 839–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2010.05.002
[2] Cardeña, E., Jonsson, P., Terhune, D. B., & Marcusson-Clavertz, D. (2013). The neurophenomenology of neutral hypnosis. Cortex, 49(1973-8102 (Electronic)), 375–385.
[3] Cardeña, E., Lynn J., S., & Krippner, S. (Eds.). (2004). Varieties of Anomalous Experiences (1st ed.). Washington D.C., USA: American Psychological Association.
[4] White, R. A. (1993). Working classification of EHE’s. Exceptional Human Experience: Background Papers, I(11), 149–150.
[5] White, R. A. (1994). Exceptional human experiences : the call to an expanded consciousness. In Proceedings of the Academy of Religion and Psychical Research Nineteenth Annual Conference. Bloomfield, Conn., USA: The Academy of Religion and Psy
[6] Facco, E., & Tagliagambe, S. (2020). Ritornare a Ippocrate. Riflessioni sulla medicina di oggi. Milano, Italy: Mondadori Università.
[7] Boveroux, Pierre, Bonhomme, V., Boly, M., Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Maquet, P., & Laureys, S. (2008). Brain function in physiologically, pharmacologically, and pathologically altered states of consciousness. International Anesthesiology Clinics, 46(3), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1097/AIA.0b013e318181a8b3
[8] Vaitl, D., Birbaumer, N., Gruzelier, J., Jamieson, G. A., Kotchoubey, B., Kubler, A., … Weiss, T. (2005). Psychobiology of altered states of consciousness. Psychol.Bull., 131(0033–2909), 98–127.
[9] Revonsuo, A., Kallio, S., & Sikka, P. (2009). What is an altered state of consciousness? Philosophical Psychology, 22(2), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515080902802850
[10] Plum, F., & Posner, J. B. (1980). The Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma. Philadelphia, US: FA Davis & Co.
[11] Cardeña, E., Lynn J., S., & Krippner, S. (Eds.). (2014). Varieties of Anomalous Experiences. (2nd ed.). Washington,DC, USA: American Psychological Association.
[12] Palmer, G., & Hastings, A. (2013, August 18). Exploring the Nature of Exceptional Human Experiences: Recognizing, Understanding, and Appreciating EHEs. The Wiley‐Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology. https://doi.org/doi:10.1002/9781118591277.ch18
[13] Soanes, C., & Stevenson, A. (Eds.). (2008). Concise Oxford English DIctionary. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
[14] Dijksterhuis, A. (2004). Think different: the merits of unconscious thought in preference development and decision making. J Pers.Soc.Psychol., 87(0022-3514 (Print)), 586–598.
[15] Dijksterhuis, A., & Nordgren, L. F. (2006). A Theory of Unconscious Thought. Perspect.Psychol Sci., 1(1745-6916 (Print)), 95–109.
[16] Ritter, S. M., & Dijksterhuis, A. (2014). Creativity-the unconscious foundations of the incubation period. Front Hum.Neurosci., 8(1662-5161 (Linking)), 215.
[17] Strick, M., Dijksterhuis, A., & van Baaren, R. B. (2010). Unconscious-thought effects take place off-line, not on-line. Psychol Sci., 21(1467-9280 (Electronic)), 484–488.
[18] Goldberg, E. (2006). The Wisdom Paradox: How Your Mind Can Grow Stronger As Your Brain Grows Older. New York, NY, USA: Avery.
[19] Nyatanga, B., & Vocht, H. (2008). Intuition in clinical decision-making: a psychological penumbra. Int.J.Palliat.Nurs., 14(1357-6321 (Print)), 492–496.
[20] Pearson, H. (2013). Science and intuition: Do both have a place in clinical decision making? British Journal of Nursing, 22(4), 212–215. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2013.22.4.212
[21] Facco, E., Agrillo, C., & Greyson, B. (2015). Epistemological implications of near-death experiences and other non-ordinary mental expressions: Moving beyond the concept of altered state of consciousness. Medical Hypotheses, 85(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2015.04.004
[22] Facco, E., Al Khafaji, B. E., & Tressoldi, P. (2019). In search of the true self. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 39(3), 157–180. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/teo0000112
[23] Kallio, S., & Revonsuo, A. (2003). Hypnotic phenomena and altered states of consciousness: A multilevel framework of description and explanation. . Contemporary Hypnosis, 20, 111–164.
[24] Kirsch, I. (2011). The altered state issue: dead or alive? Int.J.Clin.Exp.Hypn., 59(1744-5183 (Electronic)), 350–362.
[25] Lynn, S. j, & Kirsch, I. (2006). Essentials of Clinical Hypnosis. An Evidence Based Approach. Washington DC, USA: American Psychological Association.
[26] Oakley, D. A. (2008). Hypnosis, trance and suggestion: Evidence from neuroimaging. In M. R. Nash & A. Barnier (Eds.), Oxford handbook of hypnosis. (pp. 365–392). Oxford, UK: Orford University Press.
[27] Facco, E. (in press). Hypnosis and Hypnotic ability between old beliefs and new evidences: an epistemological reflection. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis.
[28] Facco, E., Bacci, C., Casiglia, E., & Zanette, G. (2021). Preserved critical ability and free will in deep hypnosis during oral surgery. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 63(3), 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.2020.1797625
[29] James, W. (1917). The Varieties of Religious Experience. A Study in Human Nature. (Kindle Edi). New York, NY, USA: Longmans, Green, & Co.
[30] James, W. (1958). The Varieties of Religious Experience. New York: Mentor Books.
[31] Frances, A. (2013). The new crisis in psychiatry. Annals of Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-159-3-201308060-00655
[32] Wakefield, J. C. (2010). Misdiagnosing normality: Psychiatry’s failure to address the problem of false positive diagnoses of mental disorder in a changing professional environment. J Ment.Health, 19(1360-0567 (Electronic)), 337–351.
[33] Facco, E., Mendozzi, L., Bona, A., Motta, A., Garegnani, M., Costantini, I., … Lipari, S. (2019). Dissociative identity as a continuum from healthy mind to psychiatric disorders: epistemological and neurophenomenological implications approached through hypnosis. Medical Hypotheses, 130(109274). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109274
[34] Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
[35] Cardeña, E., & Facco, E. (2015). Non-Ordinary Mental Expressions. Lausanne, CH: Frontiers Media SA.
[36] Facco, E. (2018). Ipnosi ed esperienze di premorte nel continuum delle espressioni non ordinarie della mente. IPNOSI, (1), 13–38. https://doi.org/10.3280/IPN2018-001002
[37] Facco, E., Lucangeli, D., & Tressoldi, P. (2017). On the Science of Consciousness: Epistemological Reflections and Clinical Implications. EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing, 13(3), 163–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2017.02.007
[38] Russell, B. (1912). Problems of Philosophy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
[39] Arieti, S. (1967). The intrapsychic self: Feeling, cognition, and creativity in health and mental illness. New York, NY: Basic Books.
[40] Assagioli, R. (1988). Transpersonal Development. (2007th ed.). Forres, Scotland: Smilin Wisdom, imprint of Inner Way Productions.
[41] Forman, R. C. K. (1998). What does mysticism have to teach us about consciousness? J.Consciousness Studies, 5(2), 185–201.
[42] Facco, E. (2014). Meditazione e Ipnosi tra neuroscienze, filosofia e pregiudizio. Lungavilla, PV, Italy: Altravista.
[43] Facco, E. (2017). Meditation and Hypnosis: Two Sides of the Same Coin? International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 65(2), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2017.1276361
[44] Facco, E. (2010). Esperienze di premorte. Scienza e coscienza ai confini tra fisica e metafisica. Lungavilla (PV): Edizioni Altravista.
[45] Bentall, R. P. (2014). Hallucinatory experience. In E. Cardena, S. Lynn J., & S. Krippner (Eds.), The varieties of anomalous experience: Examining the scientific evidence. (Vol. 2nd, pp. 109–143). Washington: American Psychologcal Association.
[46] Cardena, E. (2005). The phenomenology of deep hypnosis: quiescent and physically active. Int.J Clin.Exp.Hypn., 53(0020-7144 (Print)), 37–59.
[47] Facco, E., Casiglia, E., Al Khafaji, B. E., Finatti, F., Duma, G. M., Mento, G., … Tressoldi, P. (2019). The neurophenomenology of out-of-body experiences induced by hypnotic suggestions. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 67(1), 39–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2019.1553762
[48] Barnier, A. J., & Nash, M. R. (2008). Introduction: a roadmap for explanation, a working definition. In M. R. Nash & A. J. Barnier (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of hypnosis. (p. 18). New York: Oxford University Press.
[49] Facco, E., Testoni, I., Ronconi, L., Casiglia, E., Zanette, G., & Spiegel, D. (2017). Psychological Features of Hypnotizability: A First Step Towards Its Empirical Definition. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 65(1), 98–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207144.2017.1246881
[50] Cardeña, E. (2018). The experimental evidence for parapsychological phenomena: A review. American Psychologist, 73(5), 663–677. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000236
[51] Facco, E., & Agrillo, C. (2012). Near-death experiences between science and prejudice. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6(art. 209), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00209
[52] Parnia, S., Spearpoint, K., de, V. G., Fenwick, P., Goldberg, D., Yang, J., … Schoenfeld, E. R. (2014). AWARE-Awareness during Resuscitation-A prospective study. Resuscitation, 85(12), 1799–1805.
[53] van Lommel, P., van Wees, R., Meyers, V., & Elfferich, I. (2001). Near-death experience in survivors of cardiac arrest: a prospective study in the Netherlands. Lancet (London, England), 358(9298), 2039–2045. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07100-8
[54] Braithwaite, J. J., Samson, D., Apperly, I., Broglia, E., & Hulleman, J. (2011). Cognitive correlates of the spontaneous out-of-body experience (OBE) in the psychologically normal population: Evidence for an increased role of temporal-lobe instability, body-distortion processing, and impairments in own-body transformations. Cortex, 47(7), 839–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2010.05.002
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2021-04-08
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Facco, E., Fracas, F., & Tressoldi, P. (2021). Moving beyond the concept of altered state of consciousness: the Non-Ordinary Mental Expressions (NOMEs). Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(3), 615–631. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.83.9935
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