The Low Value of Equality and Social Inclusion in Fragmented and Discriminatory Latin American Societies
Pensions and Health
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.611.7421Keywords:
values; equality; social inclusion; health; pensions; social policiesAbstract
This article aims to analyze the fragmented mix of social policies in Latin America, guided by minimalist principles and instruments of liberal thinking on individual meritocracy and contributory insurance, in order to discuss the challenges to and possibilities of developing universal policies. The article describes the historically social, economic and political contexts and pressures that frame the process of building fragmented social policies in the region; the contradictions, disadvantages, and limited achievements of these fragmented systems in terms of coverage, generosity and quality of health and pensions. Results show that expansive and fragmented welfare policies reproduce differences in quality and scope and increase social inequalities and conflicts; the challenges of building universal rights, citizenship and equality in Latin America, considering current public-private agreements, political coalitions, and interclass alliances, and the need to reorient social policies in order to overcome conflicts of interest, discrimination and market resistance, and to
promote equality.
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[3]. World Bank (2015). Indigenous Latin America in the twenty-first century: the first decade. Washington D.C.
[4]. UNDP. (2010). Informe Regional sobre Desarrollo Humano para America Latina. New York.
[5]. Freire, G.; Diaz-Bonilla, C., Schwartz Orellana, S. Soler Lopez, J. & Carbonari, F. (2018). Afro-descendants in Latin America: Toward a Framework of Inclusion. World Bank, Washington, DC
[6]. Rubinstein, A., Zerbino, M.C., Cejas, C. & López, A. (2018) Making Universal Health Care Effective in Argentina: A Blueprint for Reform, Health Systems & Reform, 4:3, 203-213, DOI: 10.1080/23288604.2018.1477537
[7]. Hammann, M. & Tauilp, L. (2001) Manual de Doenças mais Importantes, por Razões Étnicas, na População Brasileira Afro-descendente. Ministerio da Saúde. Brasília.
[8]. Bowen, G. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, vol. 9, no. 2, 27-40
[9]. Ridley, D. (2008) Methodology of the Literature Review. In Lisa M. Given (Ed.) The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963909.n249
[10]. Burgos R.N.B (2008). Universalismo y particularismo en la globalización. Propuesta Educativa, 15(30) 9-22.
[11]. Stanley, J & Stein, B. (1970). The colonial heritage of Latin America: essays on economic dependence in perspective, Estudios Internacionales 4(14) 150-153. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.5354/0719-3769.2012.18890
[12]. Prebish, R. (1963). Hacia una dinámica del desarrollo latinoamericano. México. Fondo de Cultura Económica. Mexico.
[13]. Furtado, C. (1975) El desarrollo económico, un mito. Siglo XXI. Mexico.
[14]. Buarque de Holanda, S. (1978). Raízes do Brazil. 12. ed. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio.
[15]. Ocampo, J.A. (2012). La historia y los retos del desarrollo latinoamericano. CEPAL. Chile https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/3090/1/S2012833_es.pdf
[16]. Baum, S. (1992). Poverty, Inequality, and the Role of Government: What Would Adam Smith Say? Eastern Economic Journal, 18(2), 143-156. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40325376
[17]. Temporao J.G. (2012). Universal Health Systems in a World in Transformation. Sistemas Universales de Salud en el Mundo en Transformación. ISAGS (2012) Health Systems in Southamerica, challenges to universalism, integrality and equitly. (pp. 13-20). Instituto Suramericano de Gobierno en Salud. ISAGS- Unasur. Rio de Janeiro.
[18]. Sánchez-Alonso, B. (2019). The age of mass migration in Latin America. The Economic History Review. 72(1) 3-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/ehr.12787
[19]. Oliveira, J. & Teixeira, S. (1985). (IM)-Previdencia Social, 60 anos da historia da Previdencia no Brazil. Ed. Vozes. Petrópolis.
[20]. Mesa-Lago, C. (2007). Social Security Principles, Enforcement in Latinamerica, and Modifications by the reforms. Oxford University Press.
[21]. Giovanella L., Ruiz G., Feo O., Tobar S. & Faria M. (2012). Sistemas de Salud en América del Sur, In Sistemas Universales de Salud en el Mundo en Transformación, desafíos para la universalidad, integralidad y equidad. (pp. 21-70). Instituto Suramericano de Gobierno en Salud. ISAGS- Unasur. Rio de Janeiro.
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[23]. Levy, S. & Schady, N. (2013). Latin America's Social Policy Challenge: Education, Social Insurance, Redistribution. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27 (2) Spring. 193-218. DOI: 10.1257/jep.27.2.193
[24]. Mesa-Lago C. (1992). Health Care for the Poor in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Foundation and Pan American Health Organization, PAHO Scientific Publication, No. 539. Washington, DC. http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?codlan=1&codcol=61&codcch=539
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[26]. Diamond, P. (1993). Privatization of Social Security: Lessons From Chile. Working Paper n.4510. National Bureau of Economic Research. Cambridge MA. https://www.nber.org/papers/w4510
[27]. De Ferranti, D., Perry, G., Ferreira, F., Walton, M., Coady, D., Cunningham, W. & Wodon, Q. (2003). Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean: Breaking with History? Washington: World Bank.
[28]. Stiglitz, Joseph. (2010). Los felices 90. La semilla de la destrucción, Madrid: Santillana Ediciones Generales.
[29]. Ortiz, I., Durán-Valverde, I., Urban, S., Wodsak, V. & Yu, Z. (2019). Reconstruyendo los sistemas públicos de pensiones en los países de Europa Oriental y América Latina (2000-2018) ESS ─ Documento de trabajo núm. 63 (pp. 1-24) Departamento de Protección Social OIT/ILO Switzerland.
[30]. Arza, C. (2008). Pension Reform in Latin America: Distributional Principles, Inequalities and Alternative Policy Options. Journal of Latin American Studies, 40(1), 1-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X07003616
[31]. Avelino, G; Brown, D.S & Hunter, W. (2005), The Effects of Capital Mobility, Trade Openness, and Democracy on Social Spending in Latin America, 1980-1990. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 625-641. DOI: 10.2307/3647736. http://www.propuestaeducativa.flacso.org.ar/archivos/dossier_articulos/21.pdf
[32]. Fleury, A.S. (2001). Universal, Plural or Dual? Models and Challenges in Health Attention in Latin America. In C.G. Molina & J. N. del Arco (Eds.) Health Services in Latin America and Asia Modelos y Dilemas de la Atención de la Salud en América Latina. Interamerican Development Bank. – INDES. (pp. 3-36). Washington D.C.
[33]. Londoño J.L & Frenk, J. (1997). Structural pluralism: towards an innovative model for health system reform in Latin America. Health Policy 1997; 1-36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10169060
[34]. WHO (2009) Health Workforce, Infrastructure, Health Medicines, World Health Statistics.
[35]. Laurell C. (2011). Acceso Universal: Sistemas Únicos vs Aseguramiento. In: Sistematizando Lecciones y Experiencias en la Construcción de Sistemas Únicos de Salud, Ministerio de Salud de Bolivia: La Paz. https://www.paho.org/ecu/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&category_slug=documentos-noticias-2012&alias=403-sistemas-universales-de-salud-retos-y-desafios&Itemid=599
[36]. Rubinstein, A., Barani, M. & Lopez, A. (2018). Quality first for effective universal health coverage in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet Global Health 6(11) 1142-1143. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30447-9
[37]. Kruk, M.E., Gage A.D., Arsenault C., Jordan, K., Leslie H.H, Roder-DeWan, S., Adeyi, O., et al. (2018). High-quality health systems in the Sustainable Development Goals era: time for a revolution. The Lancet Global Health. 6: 1196-1252. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30386-3
[38]. Pagés, C. (2010). La era de la productividad: cómo transformar las economías desde sus cimientos. Serie Desarrollo en las Américas (DIA). Washington, D.C.: BID. https://publications.iadb.org/es/publicacion/la-era-de-la-productividad-como-transformar-las-economias-desde-sus-cimientos
[39]. Gomes, C. (1995). Envejecimiento Poblacional en México: la crisis vecina. Master Thesis. FLACSO Mexico.
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2019-12-03
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Gomes, C. (2019). The Low Value of Equality and Social Inclusion in Fragmented and Discriminatory Latin American Societies : Pensions and Health. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(11), 341–356. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.611.7421
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