College Students’ Prevalence of Sleep Hygiene Awareness and Practices
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.44.2767Keywords:
sleep prevalence, college students, sleep hygiene practices, sleep quality, sleep lengthAbstract
Research has consistently found that college students report short sleep length and poor sleep quality. As a result of their poor sleep quality, there is concern that college students may struggle with issues associated with academic performance, physical health, and mental health. Previous research has investigated a multitude of factors that may contribute to poor sleeping behaviors, including sleep hygiene awareness and practices. The current study found that participants were obtaining less than the recommended average hours of sleep. Results indicated an almost equal number of participants reported poor sleep quality, average sleep quality, and good sleep quality.
Results also indicated that between 40-50% of the sample reported difficulties related going to bed, falling asleep, maintaining sleep, reinitiating sleep, and returning to wakefulness. Although participants in the present study reported sleep hygiene awareness, their knowledge is not associated with their sleep practices. Based on these results, it may be implied that improving or increasing sleep hygiene knowledge is not an intervention that would be effective in improving sleep hygiene practices.
References
Adan, A. (1994). Chronotype and personality factors in the daily consumption of alcohol and psychostimulants. Addiction, 89, 455–462. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00926.x
Al-Eisa, E., Buragadda, S., Melam, G. R., Al-Osaimi, A., Al-Mubarak, H. A., & Al-Huwaimel, N. A. (2013). Association between physical activity and insomnia among Saudi female college students. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 25, 1479-1482. doi:10.1589/jpts.25.1479
Altun, I., Cinar, N., & Dede, C. (2012). The contributing factors to poor sleep experiences in according to the university students: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 17(6), 557-561. Retrieved from: http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/8491
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). Washington D.C.: Author.
Ari, L. L. & Shulman, S. (2013). Sleep, daily activities, and their association with mood states among emerging adults. Biological Rhythm Research, 44, 35-367. doi:10.1080/09291016.2012.692251
Bianchi, A. & Phillips, J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 8, 39-51. doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.39
Bliwise, D.L., King, A., Harris, R., Hakell, W. (1992). Prevalence of self-reported poor sleep in a healthy population aged 50–65. Social Science and Medicine, 34, 49-55. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90066-y
Brown, F. C., Buboltz, W. C., Jr., Soper, B. (2002) Relationship of sleep hygiene awareness, sleep hygiene practices, and sleep quality in university students. Behavioral Medicine, 28, 33-38. doi:10.1080/08964280209596396
Brown, F. C., Soper, B., & Buboltz, W. C., Jr. (2001). Prevalence of delayed sleep phase syndrome among university students. College Student Journal, 35, 472-476.
Buboltz, W. C. Jr., & Brown, F. C., & Soper, B. (2001). Sleep habits and patterns of college students: A preliminary study. Journal of American College Health, 50, 131-135. doi:10.1080/07448480109596017
Buboltz, W., Jr., Jenkins, S. M., Soper, B., Woller, K., Johnson, P., & Fans, T. (2009). Sleep habits and patterns of college students: An expanded study. Journal of College Counseling, 12, 113-124. doi:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2009.tb00109.x
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., III, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1988). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193-213. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
Cavallera, G. M., & Giudici, S. (2007). Morningness and eveningness personality: A survey in literature from 1995 up till 2006. Personality and Individual Differences. 44, 3–21. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.009
Chelminski, I., Ferraro, F. R., Petros, T. V., & Plaud, J. J. (1999). An analysis of the ‘‘eveningness–morningness” dimension in ‘‘depressive” college students. Journal of Affective Disorders. 52, 19–29. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00051-2
Costa, G. (2003). Shift work and occupational medicine: An overview. Occupational Medicine. 53, 83–88. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqg045
Custers, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2012). Television viewing, internet use, and self-reported bedtime and rise time in adults: Implications for sleep hygiene recommendations from an exploratory cross-sectional study. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 10(2), 96-105. doi:10.1080/15402002.2011.596599
DeYoung, C. G., Hasher, L., Djikic, M., Criger, B., & Peterson, J. B. (2007). Morning people are stable people: Circadian rhythm and the higher-order factors of the big five. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 267–276. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.030
Diaz-Morales, J.F., & Sánchez-López, M.P. (2008). Morningness-eveningness and anxiety among adults: A matter of sex/gender?. Personality and Individual Differences 44, 1391–1401. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.12.007
Digdon, N. L., & Rhodes, S., (2009). Methods used to cope with sleepiness may perpetuate sleepiness in college students with an evening type circadian preference. Biological Rhythm Research. 40, 129-144. doi:10.1080/09291010801987700
Dinzeo, T. J., Thayasivam, U., & Sledjeski, E. M. (2014). The development of the lifestyle and habits questionnaire-brief version: Relationship to quality of life and stress in college students. Prevention Science, 15, 103-114. doi:10.1007/s11121-013-0370-1
Eliasson, A. H., Lettieri, C. J., & Eliasson, A. H. (2010). Early to bed, early to rise! Sleep habits and academic performance in college students. Sleep and Breathing, 14, 71-75. doi:10.1007/s11325-009-0282-2
Felix, V. A., Gremillion, M., & Buboltz, W. (2015). Social media and mobile phone use: Relationship to sleep quality and length. In A. M. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in Psychology Research: Vol. 104. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Ilioudi, C., Montes, M. I., Olavarrieta-Bernardino, S., Aguirre-Berrocal, A., De La Cruz-Troca, J. J., & Vela-Bueno, A. (2010). Circadian preference, nighttime sleep and daytime functioning in young adulthood. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 8, 52-62. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2010.00430.x
Forquer, L. M., Camden, A. E., Gabriau, K. M., & Johnson, C. M. (2008). Sleep patterns of college students at a public university. Journal of American College Health, 56, 563-565. doi:10.3200/jach.56.5.563-565
Galambos, N. L., Dalton, A. L., & Maggs, J. L. (2009). Losing sleep over it: Day variation in sleep quantity and quality in Canadian students’ first semester of university. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 19, 741-761. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00618.x
Gaultney, J. F. (2010) The prevalence of sleep disorders in college students: Impact on academic performance. Journal of American College Health, 59, 91-97. doi:10.1080/07448481.2010.483708
Gellis, L. A., Park, A., Stotsky, M. T., & Taylor, D. J. (2014). Associations between sleep hygiene and insomnia severity in college students: Cross-sectional and prospective analyses. Behavior Therapy, 45, 806-816. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.05.002
Gianotti, F., Cortesi, F., Sebastiani, T., & Ottaviano, S. (2002). Circadian preference, sleep and daytime behaviour in adolescence. Journal of Sleep Research. 11, 191–199. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00302.x
Gilbert, S. P., & Weaver, C. C. (2010). Sleep quality and academic performance in university students: A wake-up call for college psychologists. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 24, 295-306. doi:10.1080/87568225.2010.509245
Gress-Smith, J. L., Roubinov, D. L., Andreotti, C., Compas, B. E., & Luecken, L. J. (2015). Prevalence, severity and risk factors for depressive symptoms and insomnia in college undergraduates. Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 31, 63-70. doi:10.1002/smi.2509
Gropper, S. S., Newell, F. H., Zaremba-Morgan, A., Keiley, M. K., White, B. D., Huggins, K. W. . . Ulrich, P. V. (2012). The impact of physical activity on body weight and fat gains during the first 3 years of college. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 50, 296-310. doi:10.1080/14635240.2012.724190
Holbrook, A. M., Crowther, R., Lotter, A., Cheng, C., & King, D. (2000). Meta-analysis of benzodiazepine use in the treatment of insomnia. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 162, 225-233.
Howell, A. J., Jahrig, J. C., & Powell, R. A. (2004). Sleep quality, sleep propensity, and academic performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 99, 525-535. doi:10.2466/pms.99.2.525-535
Jackson, L. A., & Gerard, D. A. (1996). Diurnal types, the ‘‘big five” personality factors, and other personal characteristics. Journal of Social Behavior Personality. 11, 273–284.
Kenney, S., Labrie, J., Hummer, J., & Pham, A. (2012). Global sleep quality as a moderator of alcohol consumption and consequences in college students. Addictive Behaviors, 37, 507-512. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.006
Kredlow, M. A., Capozzoli, M. C., Hearon, B. A., Calkins, A. W., & Otto, M. W. (2014). The effects of physical activity on sleep: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 427-449. doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9617-6
LeBlanc, M., Beaulieu-Bonneau, S., Mérette, C., Savard., J., Ivers, H., & Morin, C. M. (2007). Psychological and health-related quality of life factors associated with insomnia in a population-based sample. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63, 157-166. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.03.004
Lee, S., Wuertz, C., Rogers, R., & Chen, Y. (2013). Stress and sleep disturbances in female college students. American Journal of Health Behavior, 37, 851-858. doi:10.5993/AJHB.37.6.14
Lohsoonthorn, V., Khidir, H., Casillas, G., Lertmaharit, S., Tadesse, M., Pensuksan, W., & ... Williams, M. (2013). Sleep quality and sleep patterns in relation to consumption of energy drinks, caffeinated beverages, and other stimulants among Thai college students. Sleep & Breathing, 17, 1017-1028. doi:10.1007/s11325-012-0792-1
Lund, H. G., Reider, B. D., Whiting, A. B., & Prichard, J. (2010). Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, 124-132. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.016
Matthews, G. (1986). The effects of anxiety on intellectual performance: When and why are they found?. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 385–401. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(86)90121-2
Mayo Clinic Staff (2014). Diseases and Conditions: Insomnia. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/basics/causes/con-20024293
Mecacci, L., & Rocchetti, G. (1998). Morning and evening types: Stress-related personality aspects. Personality and Individual Differences. 25, 537–542. doi:10.1016/s0191 8869(98)00087-7
Monk, T. H., Buysse, D. K., Potts, J. M., DeGrazia, J. N., & Kupfer, D. J. (2004). Morningness–eveningness andlifestyle regularity. Chronobiology International , 21, 435–443. doi:10.1081/cbi-120038614
Morin, C.M., Kowatch, R.A., Barry, T., Walton E. (1993). Cognitive-behaviour therapy for late-life insomnia. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 61(1), 137- 46. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.1.137
National Sleep Foundation (2005). 2005 Sleep in America poll. Retrieved from National Sleep Foundation website: https://sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files /2005_summary_of_findings.pdf
National Sleep Foundation (2015). National sleep foundation recommends new sleep durations. Retrieved from https://sleepfoundation.org/media-center/press-release/national-sleep-foundation-recommends-new-sleep-times.
Nebel, L. E., Howell, R. H., Krantz, D. S., Falconer, J. J., Gottdiener, J. S., & Gabbay, F. H. (1996). The circadian variation of cardiovascular stress levels and reactivity: Relationship to individual differences in morningness/eveningness. Psychophysiology, 33, 273–281. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb00424.x
Orzech, K. M., Salafsky, D. B., & Hamilton, L. A. (2011). The state of sleep among college students at a large public university. Journal of American College Health, 59, 612-619. doi:10.1080/07448481.2010.520051
Randler, C. (2007). Morningness–eveningness and satisfaction with life. Social Indicators Research, 86, 297-302. doi:10.1007/s11205-007-9139-x
Roane, B. & Taylor, D. J. (2008). Adolescent insomnia as a risk factor for early adult depression and substance abuse. Sleep, 31, 1351-1356.
Sadigh, M. R., Himmanen, S. A., Scepansky, JA. (2014). An investigation of the prevalence of insomnia in college students and its relationship to trait anxiety. College Student Journal, 48, 397-406.
Schneider, M. L., Vasconcellos, D.C., Dantas, G., Levandovski, R., Caumo, W., Allebrandt, K. V., & Hidalgo, M. P. (2011). Morningness-eveningness, use of stimulants, and minor psychiatric disorders among undergraduate students. International Journal of Psychology, 46, 18-23. doi:10.1080/00207594.2010.513414
Singleton, R. A.,Jr, & Wolfson, A. R. (2009). Alcohol consumption sleep, and academic performance among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70, 355-363. doi:10.15288/jsad.2009.70.355.
Stasio, M. J., Curry, K., Wagener, A. L., & Glassman, D. M. (2011). Revving up and staying up: Energy drink use associated with anxiety and sleep quality in a college sample. College Student Journal, 45, 738-748. Retrieved from: https://www.questia.com/library/journal/ 1G1-278276697/revving-up-and-staying-up-energy-drink-use-associated
Stewart, R., Besset, A., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T. Lindesay, J., Jankins, R,…Meltzer, H. (2006). Insomnia comorbidity and impact and hypnotic use by age group in a natural survey population aged 16 to 74 years. Sleep, 29(11), 1391-1397. Retrieved from: http://www.journalsleep.org/Default.aspx
Suen, L. K. P., Ellis Hon, L. K., & Tam, W. W. S. (2008). Association between sleep behavior and sleep-related factors among university students in Hong Kong. Chronobiology International, 25, 760-775. doi:10.1080/07420520802397186
Taillard, J., Philip, P., Chastang, J. F., Diefenbach, K., & Bioulac, B. (2001). Is self-reported morbidity related to the circadian clock? Journal of Biological Rhythms, 16, 183–190. doi:10.1177/074873001129001764
Takeuchi, H., Morisane, H., Iwanaga, A., Hino, N., Matsuoka, A., & Harada, T. (2002). Morningness–eveningness preference and mood in Japanese junior high school students. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 56, 227–228. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2002.00985.x
Taylor, D. J., Bramoweth, A. D., Grieser, E. A., Tatum, J. I., & Roane, B. M. (2013). Epidemiology of insomnia in college students: Relationship with mental health, quality of life, and substance difficulties. Behavior Therapy, 44, 339-348. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.12.001
Taylor, D. J., Clay, K. C., Bramoweth, A. D., Sethi, K., & Roane, B. M. (2011). Circadian phase preference in college students: Relationships with psychological functioning and academics. Chronobiology International, 28, 541-547. doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.580870
Trockel, M. T., Barnes, M. D., & Egget, D. L. (2000). Health-related variables and academic performance among first-year college students: Implications for sleep and other behaviors. Journal of American College Health, 49, 125-131. doi:10.1080//07448480009596294
Van den Bulck, J. (1999). VCR‐use and patterns of time shifting and selectivity. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43(3), 316-326. doi:10.1080/08838159909364494
Weitzman, E. D., Czeisler, C. A., Coleman, R. M., Spielman, A. J., Zimmerman, J. C, Dement, W., & Pollak, C. P. (1981). Delayed sleep phase syndrome: A chronobiological disorder with sleep-onset insomnia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 737-746. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780320017001
Willis, T. A., O’Connor, D. B., & Smith, L. (2005). The influence of morningness–eveningness on anxiety and cardiovascular responses to stress. Physiology and Behavior, 85, 125–133. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.03.013
White, A. G., Buboltz, W. C., Jr., & Frank, I. (2011). Mobile phone use and sleep quality and length in college students. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1, 51-58.
Wu, X., Tao, S., Zhang, Y., & Tao, F. (2015). Low physical activity and high screen time can
increase the risks of mental health problems and poor sleep quality among Chinese college students. PLoS One, 10(3). Retrieved from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/
article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0119607
Zawadzki, M. J., Graham, J. E., & Gerin, W. (2013). Rumination and anxiety mediate the effect of loneliness on depressed mood and sleep quality in college students. Health Psychology, 32, 212-222. doi:10.1037/a0029007
Zimmermann, L. K. (2011). Chronotype and the transition to college life. Chronobiology International, 28, 904-910. doi:10.3109/07420528.2011.618959
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors wishing to include figures, tables, or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright owner(s) for both the print and online format and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.