Catastrophic Geological Event Illuminates Egyptian Kings List Anno Mundi Reference
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/aivp.96.11189Keywords:
Egyptian prehistory; 8200 BP event; Anatolian volcanic eruption of Mt. Erciyes; Anno Mundi; King Menes; Carl Jung and the Collective UnconsciousAbstract
The preponderance of catastrophe myths in ancient cultures around the world indicates the importance of contemplating the ancient beginnings. This paper considers the legendary Egyptian beginning of the world event, Anno Mundi, to which Eratosthenes referenced the reign of the first king of the Unification, Menes. Menes’ identity is still in question, and the nature of the event is left undefined. First, the dates for the possible candidates for the person Menes as a starting point to locate AM in time are considered. Next, possible event types that might qualify as world-defining events are considered. Finally, it is concluded that a geological event (an unrelenting series of closely spaced eruptions on Mount Erciyes in Anatolia) in 8200 BP is consistent with the expected date for the Anno Mundi, and the reign date for King Scorpion(I) who is proposed as the most likely Menes based on all of the considerations. It is believed the identified date and Menes candidate provide a plausible explanation for the otherwise unsubstantiated legendary event.
References
REFERENCES
. Wilhelm R, trans, “Commentary by C. G. Jung” In The Secret of the Golden Flower: A Chinese Book of Life. 1962, San Diego, CA, USA: Harcort, 81-137.
. Butler S, trans, Homer: the Iliad & the Odyssey. 1999, New York, NY, USA: Barnes & Noble Books.
. Baikouzis C., Magnasco M.O., Is an Eclipse Described in the Odyssey. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 2008. 105: p. 8823-8828.
. Legge J, trans, The Shu King or Book of Historical Documents, Facsimile of the 1897 First Edition, 2010, Whitefish, MT, USA: Kessinger. p. 31-66.
. Birrell A., “Myths of Yu the Great” In Chinese Mythology, An Introduction. 1993, Baltimore, MD, USA: Johns Hopkins U. Press. p. 146-159.
. Wu Q., et al., Outburst Flood at 1920 BCE Supports Historicity of China’s Great Flood and the Xai Dynasty. Science, 2016. 353: p. 579-582.
. Giannini J., Dual-Time Concept and Mythology Illuminate Intersection of Science and Religion. Int. J. of Mod. Social Sciences, 2019. 8(1): p. 42-62.
. Holy Bible, King James Version. 1990, USA: Thomas Nelson Pub.
. Dalley S., Myths from Mesopotamia. 2000, Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 109.
. Waddell L.A., Makers of Civilization in Race and History, Facsimile of 1929 Edition. 2012, Whitefish, MT, USA: Kessinger. p. 533.
. Herodotus, “Book II” In The Histories. De Selincourt A., trans., 2003, New York, NY, USA: Penguin Books.
. Sharer R.J., Traxler L.P., The Ancient Maya. 6th edition 2006, Stanford, CA, USA: Stanford Univ. Press. p. 114.
. Coomaraswamy A. and Sister Nivedita, “Conclusion” In Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists, Facsimile of 1913 Edition. 1967, Mineola, NY, USA: Dover Publications, Inc.
. Masse W.B., et al., “Exploring the nature of myth and its role in science.” In Myth and Geology. 2007, London, UK: Geological Society Special Publications (273), Geological Society. p. 9–28.
. Barrientos G., Masse W.B., The Archaeology of Cosmic Impact: Lessons from Two Mid-Holocene Argentine Case Studies. J Archaeol. Method Theory, 2014. 21: p. 134–211.
. Gusiakov V., et al., “Mega Tsunami of the World Oceans: Chevron Dune Formation, Micro-Ejecta, and Rapid Climate Change as the Evidence of Recent Oceanic Bolide Impacts” In Geophysical Hazards. International Year of Planet Earth. Beer T,, editor, 2009, Dordrecht, Switzerland: Springer. p. 197-227.
. Schillebeeckx E., Jesus: An Experiment in Christology. 2014, New York, NY, USA: T&T Clark Bloomsbury Publishing.
. Molnar M.R., The Star of Bethlehem: The Legacy of the Magi. 1999, New Brunswick, NJ, USA: Rutgers Univ. Press.
. Budge E.A.W., The Book of the Kings of Egypt Part One, Facsimile of 1908 Edition. 2010, Whitefish, MT, USA: Kessinger.
. Verbrugghe, G.P. and Wikersham, J.M., “Manetho” in Berossos and Manetho Introduced and Translated. 2003, Ann Arbor, MI, USA: Univ. Michigan Press.
. Budge E.A.W., The Book of the Kings of Egypt Part One, Facsimile of 1908 Edition. 2010, Whitefish, MT, USA: Kessinger. p. LXXIII.
. Clayton P.A., Chronicles of the Pharaohs. 2006, London, UK: Thames & Hudson Ltd,.
. Allen S., One Palette Two Lands: The Myth of the Unification of Egypt by the Narmer Palette. PhD Dissertation. 2014, Sidney, Australia: Macquorie Univ.
. Wilkinson T.A.H., “Birth of a Nation State” In Early Dynastic Egypt. 1999, London, UK: Routledge.
. Raffaele F., “Dynasty 0” In Basel Egyptology Prize 1, Aegyptiaca Helvetica. Bickel S. and Loprieno A., editor, 2003, Basel, Switzerland: Schwabe. p. 99-141,
Stevenson, A., The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation. J. Archaeological Res., 2016. 24: p. 421-468.
. Budge E.A.W., The Book of the Kings of Egypt Part One, Facsimile of 1908 Edition. 2010, Whitefish, MT, USA: Kessinger. p. LII..
. Ramsey C.B., et al., Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt. Science, 2010. 328: p. 1554.
. Dee M., et al., An Absolute Chronology for Early Egypt Using Radiocarbon Dating and Bayesian Statistical Modeling. Proc. R. Soc., 2013. A469:20130395.
. Budge E.A.W., The Book of the Kings of Egypt Part One, Facsimile of 1908 Edition, 2010, Whitefish, MT, USA: Kessinger. p. LXII.
. Waddell L.A., Makers of Civilization in Race and History, Facsimile of 1929 Edition. 2010, Whitefish, MT, USA: Kessinger. p. 256-319.
. Budge indicated that Prof. Meyer, the discoverer of the Sothic cycle (in 1904), assumed Menes began his reign is 3315 BCE, followed by the beginning of Dynasty 1. The Cycle which, is based on the rising of Sirius, is generally not considered favorably in modern chronology of Egypt.
. Stanley D.J. Warne A.G., Sea Level and Initiation of Predynastic Culture in the Nile Delta. Nature, 1993. 363: p. 435-438.
. Petrie W.M.F., “The Origins of the Book of the Dead.” In Ancient Egypt, Part 1. Petrie W.M.F., editor, 1926, London, UK: Macmillan & Co.
. Petrie W.M.F., The Earliest Racial Portraits. Nature, 1887. 39: p. 128-130.
. Petrie W.M.F., Migrations. J. Royal Anthropological Inst. Of Great Britain and Ireland, 1906. 36: p. 189-232.
. Waddell L.A., Egyptian Civilization Its Sumerian Origin and Real Chronology, Facsimile of 1930 Edition. 2010, Whitefish, MT, USA: Kessinger.
. Rice M., Egypt's Making: The Origins of Ancient Egypt, 5000-2000 BC. 1990, London UK: Routledge.
. Rohl D., Legend - the Genesis Civilization. 1998, London, UK: Arrow Books Limited.
. Platt D.E., et al., Mapping Post-Glacial Expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia. Scientific Reports, 2017. 7:40338, 10 pages.
. Schuenemann V.J., et al., Ancient Egyptian Mummy Genomes Suggest an Increase of Sub-Saharan African Ancestry in Post-Roman Periods. Nature Communications, 2017. 8:15694, 11 pages.
. Ryan W. and Pitman W., Noah's Flood, The New Discoveries About The Event That Changed History. 1998, New York, USA: Simon and Shuster.
. Yanchilina A.G., et al., Compilation of Geophysical, Geochronological, and Geochemical Evidence Indicates a Rapid Mediterranean-Derived Submergence of the Black Sea's Shelf and Subsequent Substantial Salinification in the Early Holocene. Marine Geology, 2017. 383: p. 14–34.
. Ballard R.D., et al., Further Evidence of Abrupt Holocene Drowning of the Black Sea Shelf. Marine Geology, 2000. 170: p. 253–261.
. Hiscott R.N., et al., A Gradual Drowning of the Southwest Black Sea Shelf: Evidence for a Progressive Rather than Abrupt Holocene Reconnection with the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Gateway. Quaternary International, 2007. 167-168: p. 19-34.
. Aksu A.E., et al., Early Holocene Age and Provenance of a Mid-Shelf Delta Lobe South of the Strait of Bosphorus, Turkey, and Its Link to Vigorous Black Sea Outflow. Marine Geology, 2016. 380: p. 113–137.
. Soulet G., Comment on, “Compilation of Geophysical, Geochronological, and Geochemical Evidence Indicates a Rapid Mediterranean-derived Submergence of the Black Sea's Shelf and Subsequent Substantial Salinification in the Early Holocene” by A.G. Yanchilina, W.B.F. Ryan, J.F. McManus, P. Dimitrov, D. Dimitrov, K. Slavova, M. Filipova-Marinova [Marine Geology 383 (2017) 14–34]. Marine Geology, 2019. 407: p. 350-353.
. Yanchilinaa A.G., et al., Reply to Comment on, “Compilation of geophysical, geochronological, and geochemical evidence indicates a rapid Mediterranean-derived submergence of the Black Sea's shelf and subsequent substantial salinification in the early Holocene” by A.G. Yanchilina, W.B.F. Ryan, J.F. McManus, P. Dimitrov, D. Dimitrov, K. Slavova, M. Filipova-Marinova [Marine Geology 383 (2017) 14–34]. Marine Geology, 2019. 407: p. 354–361.
. Badertscher S., Pleistocene Water Intrusions from the Mediterranean and Caspian Seas into the Black Sea. Nature Geoscience, 2011. March: 4 pages.
. Brisset E., et al., Socio-Ecological Adaptation to Early-Holocene Sea-Level Rise in the Western Mediterranean. Global and Planetary Change, 2018. 169: p. 156–167.
. Ullman D.J., et al., Final Laurentide Ice-Sheet Deglaciation and Holocene Climate-Sea Level Change. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2016. 152:49-59.
. Herrle J.O., et al., Black Sea Outflow Response to Holocene Meltwater Events. Scientific Reports, 2018. 8:4081, DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-22453-z, 6 pages.
. Manninen M.A., Culture, Behaviour, and the 8200 Cal BP Cold Event: Organisational Change and Culture–Environment Dynamics in Late Mesolithic Northern Fennoscandia. Monographs of the Archaeological Society of Finland, 2014. 4: 190 pages.
. Walker M.J.C., et al., Formal Subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: A Discussion Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of Ice-Core, Marine and Terrestrial Records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy). J. Quaternary Science, 2012. 27(7): p. 649-659.
. Cronin T.M., et al., Rapid Sea Level Rise and Ice Sheet Response to 8,200-Year Climate Event. Geophysical Research Letters, 2007. 34:L20603, 6 pages.
. Li Y-X, et al., Synchronizing a Sea-Level Jump, Final Lake Agassiz Drainage, and Abrupt Cooling 8200 Years Ago. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2012. 315–316: p. 41–50.
. Barber D.C., et al., Forcing of the Cold Event of 8,200 Years Ago by Catastrophic Drainage of Laurentide Lakes. Nature, 1999. 400: p. 344-348.
. Turney C.S.M. and Brown H., Catastrophic Early Holocene Sea Level Rise, Human Migration and the Neolithic Transition in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007. 26: p. 2036–2041.
. Renfrew C., Inception of Agriculture and Rearing in the Middle East. C. R. Palevol, 2006. 5: p. 395–404.
. Phillips R., et al., Mid-Holocene Occupation of Egypt and Global Climatic Change. Quaternary International, 2012. 251: p. 64–76.
. Aydar E. and Gourgaud A., The Geology of Mount Hasan Stratovolcano, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1998. 85: p. 129–152.
. Schmitt A.K., et al., Identifying the Volcanic Eruption Depicted in a Neolithic Painting at Ҫatalhӧyük, Central Anatolia, Turkey. PLOS ONE, 2014. 9:e84711, 10 pages.
. Zanchetta G., et al., Tephrostratigraphy, Chronology and Climatic Events of the Mediterranean Basin During the Holocene: An Overview. A Holocene Special Issue, The Holocene, 2011. 21(1): p. 33–52.
. Friedrichs B., et al., New Insights into Source and Dispersal of Mediterranean S1 Tephra, An Early Holocene Marker Horizon Erupted at Mt. Erciyes (Turkey). Quaternary Science Review, 2020. 249:106606, 16 pages.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Judith Giannini
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
