European Journal of Applied Sciences

Camelids Nanobodies: Novel Prophylactic and Therapeutic Medication Against Epstein-Barr Virus Infection by Targeting Glycoprotein B

Sat, 14 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) represents a widespread pathogen that infects nearly 98% of adults worldwide, creating persistent latent infections throughout the host's lifetime while contributing to various pathological conditions, encompassing malignancies and autoimmune diseases. EBV's presence within peripheral blood lymphocytes enables transmission through blood transfusion procedures and organ transplantation, creating substantial hazards, especially for immunocompromised patients including transplant recipients who face elevated vulnerability to EBV-associated lymphoproliferative conditions. Presently, neither efficacious vaccination programs nor specific antiviral treatments for EBV are available, highlighting the critical requirement for innovative preventive and treatment approaches. Glycoprotein B (gB) serves as a vital viral fusion protein, performing essential functions in EBV cellular entry, intercellular transmission, viral particle development, and nuclear exodus. Significantly, EBV particles containing elevated gB levels demonstrate superior infectious capacity, with gB establishing direct binding interactions with neuropilin-1 (NRP1) throughout epithelial cell and B lymphocyte invasion processes. Earlier studies demonstrate that EBV-gB successfully stimulates neutralizing antibody responses, establishing its potential as an optimal therapeutic target. This analysis suggests creating camelid-derived single-domain antibody components (VHHs), termed nanobodies (Nbs), directed against EBV-gB. These Nbs, measuring approximately 15 kDa, demonstrate substantially reduced size compared to traditional antibodies, being devoid of light chains and CH1 domains. Their distinctive characteristics encompass simplified production processes, exceptional stability, superior solubility, improved tissue and tumor infiltration capabilities, plus blood-brain barrier crossing potential. Importantly, Nbs demonstrate minimal immunogenic properties, reducing unwanted reactions. Large-volume Nb manufacturing could deliver easily administered prophylaxis for high-risk populations or therapeutic intervention for active infections. Camelid immunization using EBV-gB would simultaneously enable production of powerful neutralizing Nbs while permitting assessment of gB's vaccine potential. The extraordinary properties of Nbs constitute remarkable progress in therapeutic innovation, and we recommend focused initiatives to transform this promise into effective EBV treatments.

Coldening the Climate Through Elimination of Crematory Systems and Crematory Matter: A Review of Activities and Benefits for Peaceful Return of Migrants in the Global South

Florent Pirot, Maria Mezhennaya — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

It has been proven that crematory matter and crematory systems warm up the climate due to diffraction of gamma rays through the domineering shuriken atoms within. This has been confirmed through the destruction of crematory satellites with lasers, sodium-mash and a newer technology involving water-sodium-mashing of crematory satellites. The effects are local around the area of targeting but strong, with a minus 2°C observed. Water-sodium-mashing of crematory individuals has also worked significantly. This has been observed through experiments in three areas, with a reduction of up to 6 °C with 5 water-sodium-mashing systems working in the same location.

Potential of Rubber Wastewater and Paddy Field Mud as Bioelectricity Producers Using Single-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell

Raihanir Rafila Sessa, Fuji Astuti Febria — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Rubber wastewater contains many organic compounds that can pollute the environment if directly released. Likewise, paddy field mud also contains many organic compounds that can be utilized with rubber wastewater as an electricity producer through the process of breaking down organic compounds by microorganisms to produce electrons using the microbial fuel cell method. Microbial fuel cell will generate electricity while reducing waste load. This study was conducted to determine the potential of rubber wastewater and paddy field mud in the production of electricity through the process of degradation of organic matter by microorganisms. The treatment was done by combining rubber wastewater and paddy field mud with the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. The results showed that the highest voltage production by rubber wastewater was 228.1 mV and by paddy field mud was 27.4 mV. In the treatment, the highest voltage was 75.3 mV at a ratio of 1:1. There was also a decrease in waste load in the form of COD, BOD, TAN, TSS, and pH. The isolation results on the MFC anode found 6 isolates, namely Citrobacter sp.1, Citrobacter sp.2, Citrobacter sp.3, Citrobacter sp.4, Clostridium sp., and Bacillus sp. It can be concluded in this research that rubber wastewater and paddy field mud have the potential to produce electrical energy through microbial fuel cell. It is hoped that optimization in further research on electricity production will be useful as an environmentally friendly renewable energy.

Our Toughest Enemy is Time

Michael Gurevitz — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The Lipschitz K(t) – Function for the Initial Value Problem (i.v.p) of an Ordinary Differential Equation (o.d.e) in One Dimension

Thanassis E. Dialynas — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

An elaborate but brief proof of the existence and uniqueness of the solution of an i.v.p for an o.d.e. is given. Because in both proofs the same initial condition is used, a considerable simplification of the K(t) Lipschitz function takes place. If the solution of the o.d.e. is known then the maximum interval of existence of the o.d.e. can be found again.

Don’t Mess Up: Zionism Reflects Legitimate Longing to the Ancient Homeland

Michael Gurevitz — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Implementation of the New Metric Procedure of Multidecisions Makers Choice for Use in Large-zcale Voting Cases

Zoïnabo Savadogo, Rasmané Pagbelguem — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The problem of aggregating group preferences into a collective or consensual preference has been tackled since the 18th century by Borda and Condorcet. Since then, several authors have proposed aggregation methods based on social choice theory and metric procedures. However, the use of these metric procedures in decision-making processes today is very limited, and this is explained by the fact that their algorithms recommend multiple complex computations if the number of decision-makers (voters) and the number of alternatives (candidates) is high. To facilitate and popularize the use of metric procedures, it is therefore necessary to equip them with tools or computer programs. It is in this context that we propose in this article a python implementation of the New metric procedure of multidecisions makers choice . In this way, we have been able to set up a program that perfectly integrates the NPMCD algorithm. It is proving to be very efficient, as it allows us to obtain results in a very short time.

Time Travels are Already Possible Nowadays

Antonov, A. A. — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The theme of time travels has now been successfully mastered mainly by science fiction writers. The official position of science on this problem is as follows: although the possibility of time travels by the laws of physics is not excluded – teleportation in quantum mechanics, “twin paradox” in the special theory of relativity, “mole burrows” in the general theory of relativity, etc. – it will not be possible to create a time machine either now or in the distant future. However, this article provides descriptions of time travel realisations that are already physically feasible on Earth now.

Improvement of Multi-criteria Evaluation Tools by AHP-ELECTRE II Hybridization: Application to Drilling

Ouedraogo, Nabonswendé Macaire, Savadogo, Zoïnabo, Gouba, Elisée — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Elimination and Reality Choices (ELECTRE II) and Hierarchical Decision Process Analysis (HDPA) methods are widely used in decision support. Although they are effective in many cases, they are not without their limitations. The AHP method is sometimes considered to be compensatory. As for the ELECTRE II method, it lacks rigorous tools for setting the weights of the decision criteria. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a hybrid method, AHP-ELECTRE II, which combines these two approaches. This AHP-ELECTRE II hybrid combines the advantages of both methods. In this way, we have been able to put in place a procedure that allows criteria to be weighted appropriately using the technique of binary comparison between criteria in accordance with the requirements of the AHP method. This comparison is made by the decision-maker, enabling him to determine the relative weights of the criteria objectively. We then used the weights of the criteria obtained to aggregate performance using the ELECTRE II method. This enabled us to deal with the interactions between the criteria and to rank the alternatives according to how well they met the criteria defined. In our study, we applied this hybrid method to didactic problems, which enabled us to obtain satisfactory results by taking better account of the decision-maker's preferences. We used it to evaluate areas suitable for drilling, simultaneously taking into account indicators of accessibility, potential and exploitable water.The advantage of this hybrid approach is that it combines the analytical rigour of AHP with ELECTRE II's ability to handle interactions between criteria, providing a more complete method that is suited to complex multi-criteria decision support problems.

Apocalypse Now’s Nightmare

Gilles Paché — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The production of Apocalypse Now serves as a compelling case study in chaos management under extreme conditions. Confronted with a host of challenges—ranging from unpredictable weather and the health issues of cast members to financial and interpersonal tensions—Francis Ford Coppola’s project offers valuable insights. Risk management was crucial, particularly the creation of contingency plans to address unforeseen events like Martin Sheen’s heart attack and a series of destructive typhoons. Logistical flow management also faced significant obstacles, as filming occurred in a remote location with limited infrastructure. Finally, Coppola’s leadership under pressure, balancing crisis management, improvisation, and team motivation, underscores the importance of organizational agility. This research note provides an analysis of these challenges and highlights their relevance across various industries.

Granulometric Characterisation and Distribution of Contemporary Fluvial Sediment in the Magoye River Sink, Southern Zambia

Manoah Muchanga, Mafwabo, Daniel — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The study granulometrically characterised the contemporary fluvial sediment deposited at selected cross-sections of the river using field sampling, GPS, GIS and laboratory analysis of sediment using sieves. The study calibrated what in our view, was the first-ever regression model (Phi-mm) with contextual relevance to Zambian river catchments and channels as opposed to those devised outside the African context. This model can potentially be extrapolated to immediate neighbouring catchments within the region that have similar hydrogeomorphological characteristics as the target river catchment in the study. On average, the downstream of the Magoye River bed was characterised by sediment of diverse particle sizes with those above 2 mm constituting 29% of sediment, especially near the bridge. The sediments of 1 mm diameter were also in the same magnitude. On average, the rarest occurring sediment type were those equal to or less than 0.1mm as these take long to settle due to their minute sizes. A large proportion of sediment with particle size between 2mm and >2mm settled within the first 7-8 Km from the Magoye Bridge, which also attracted high occurrence of river bed sand and stone quarrying and hence, the observed buffer zone and bed degradation. Sediment particles between 1mm and 0.5mm showed a high variable geospatial occurrence, but the latter drastically increased towards the mouth, which confirms the influence of particle size on settling time. Furthermore, sediment with grain size of 0.25mm showed a high variability across the channel bed as compared to those whose grain sizes were 0.1mm to 0.05mm, which were usually in stable equilibrium throughout the channel profile in terms of relative abundance. Their low percentage of occurrence signify their low density and high affinity to remain suspended for longer time. For instance, the only highest occurrence for sediment with grain size of 0.1mm was record around 26 km away from the bridge near the mouth where river flow power tend to be exceedingly low. This pattern, seem to suggest that, most sediment particles below 0.1mm ended up into the Kafue River as they never significantly settled on the Magoye River bed. This signals water quality issues in the receiving Kafue Flats and River. In conclusion, the granulometric study of contemporary fluvial sediment in the Magoye River provides valuable insights into the sediment dynamics and the potential implications for neighbouring river catchments in Zambia and the sub-region. The development of a regression model calibrated specifically for Zambian river catchments represents a significant advancement in the understanding of sediment transport and deposition in the region. The findings reveal a complex distribution of sediment particle sizes, with implications for sediment settling times and river bed characteristics. The downstream areas near the bridge exhibit diverse sediment sizes, with larger particles dominating, highlighting the impact of proximity to the bridge on sediment characteristics. Furthermore, the study underscores the influence of particle size on sediment settling patterns, with implications for sediment transport and water quality in the Kafue River. These findings have important implications for river management and conservation efforts in Zambia and neighbouring regions, providing a valuable foundation for further research and environmental protection initiatives within the catchments.

Project Writing and Dissertation Supervision: Obligation and Expectations of Project Supervisors, Discussion of Findings, Recommendations, Conclusion and Referencing/Citation

J. Davies — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Some of the major challenges of project/dissertation writing of undergraduate students in universities are the presentation of results, discussion of findings and referencing or citation of sources used in the text of their research work. This paper examined the challenges faced by project or undergraduate dissertation supervisors and identified the framework of their obligations and expectations in the process of supervision. However, these challenges has given rise to a lot of poor-quality projects or dissertation work by undergraduate students in most universities across the world. Nonetheless, this paper seek to present a concise context on how to overcome challenges on discussion of research findings, referencing or citation of sources with the examples on the use of different reference styles and a guide on how supervisors should help their undergraduate students produce quality research work.

International Transport Corridors and their Impact on the Countries’ Economic Development

Rustam Azimov — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This article discusses the international transport corridors’ concept, goals of establishing and general characteristics. The author provides brief description of prerequisites for the international transport corridors formation and development, and also considers the contribution of international transport corridors to the national economy development of the states participating in the transport and logistics system from the point of view of micro- and macroeconomic indicators. The conclusions contained in this article regarding the international transport corridors importance for the economy of the state can be used in the future to assess the need to develop transport and logistics infrastructure within the framework of already functioning international transport corridors, the formation of new international transport corridors in the context of changing macroeconomic conditions and redistribution of traffic flows. This work may be of interest to researchers in the field of global and regional economics, transport and logistics, international entrepreneurship and public administration.

Prospects for Economic Development of Regions on the Basis of Uzbekistan Experience

Rustam Azimov — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This paper examines theoretical and methodological issues of regional development as an important part of national territories and economics. Conducted a study of the basic functions of governments on regional development and necessary measures. The main measures for the development of regions are considered using the example of the People's Republic of China, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Uzbekistan, based on the inherent territorial specificity and general socio-economic development of these countries. The author examines the factors slowing down regional development, and also provides conclusions and suggestions on effective and integrated development of regions.

CO2 and Water Vapor Emissions are the “Tail” of Global Warming and Anthropogenic Heat Emissions are what Matters – Demonstration Through ChatGPT

Florent Pirot, Maria Mezhennaya — Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The climate change debate often revolves around the role of CO2 emissions as a key driver of global warming. However, recent studies, including those referenced in International Journal of Physics 7-4-3, suggest that anthropogenic heat losses and volcanic activities might play a significant role in climate dynamics, without needing to attribute warming directly to CO2. This perspective challenges the mainstream CO2-centric view by emphasizing the potential for volcanic tephras, aerosols, and waste heat from industrial activities to influence atmospheric temperatures. Volcanic eruptions, especially large events like the Samalas VEI-7 eruption, release substantial amounts of material that can both cool and warm the climate through various radiative processes. In addition, anthropogenic heat loss, generated by human industrial activity, is a potent source of atmospheric energy that contributes to climate warming, particularly in industrial regions. The study argues that CO2 emissions are simply an indirect consequence of these activities, and have no warming effect per se. This view offers a nuanced understanding of climate dynamics, focusing on volcanic and anthropogenic interactions while questioning the traditional CO2-driven models. The implications of these findings urge a reassessment of how we model and address climate change in modern science.

Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extract In Vitro

Sun, 25 May 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Bryophyllum pinnatum has been traditionally used in folkloric medicine for various treatments. This study investigates the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of B. pinnatum leaf extract as a potential management option for diabetes. The free radical scavenging ability of B. pinnatum leaf extract was evaluated against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide (NO) radicals in vitro following established protocols. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), lipid peroxidation, and iron (II) chelating ability of the leaf extract were also measured in vitro. The inhibitory effects of the extract on key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, including α-amylase and α-glucosidase, were also determined as an index of its potential antidiabetic properties following standard procedures. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the leaf extract was also quantified. The bioactive constituents of the leaf extract were also profiled using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated that B. pinnatum leaf extract demonstrated significant free radical scavenging activity against DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, and NO. The extract also showed marked ferric reducing power, iron chelating ability, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The extract exhibited potent inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, with IC₅₀ values of 2.78 µg/ml and 0.65 µg/ml, respectively, suggesting its in vitro antihyperglycemic potential. Twenty-eight (28) phytochemicals were profiled from the GC-MS chromatogram. The presence of these bioactive compounds in the plant might explain its relevance in managing diabetes in folkloric medicine.

Crematory and Mash Systems, The Sole Nexus of the Sexual Component of the Innate Bisexuality

Florent Pirot, Maria Mezhennaya, Claire Lavin — Tue, 25 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This paper shows the direct and definitive link between crematory and mash systems and the sexual component of bisexuality. The innate bisexuality was earlier defined as an affective concept. The sexual component is related to crematory and mash contamination, in particular, as well as crematory and mash antigravitons. This is shown through a varsity of ways.

Improved Wave Function for Heavy-light Mesons in QCD Potential Model Approach and Parameterization of the Cornell Potential

Abdul Aziz, Sabyasachi Roy, Atri Deshamukhya — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Wereport improved wave function for mesons in QCD potential model approach using multiplicative method for solution of Schr¨odinger equation for the extreme cases of inter quark separations (r → 0 and r → ∞). Using the wave function we find the range of the scale factor c of the Cornell potential with reference to the mass scale of B and D sectors heavy-flavoured mesons. With our computed range of c, we also explore the critical inter quark separation which should govern the choice of parent-child terms in perturbation method out of the linear and Coulombic terms of the Cornell potential.

A Single Dose, Bioavailability Study Mounjaro (Tirzepatide) Solution for Injection in a Pre-Filled Pen 2.5 Mg/0.5 Ml in Normal Healthy Adult Human Subjects Under Fasting Condition

Arjun Arumugam, Geetha Lakshmi, Srinivas G, Nageswara Rao — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Background: Tirzepatide is a novel long-acting agonist of the gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors, exhibiting high selectivity for both human receptors. Its pharmacological profile includes a strong affinity for both the GIP and GLP-1 receptors, which are pivotal in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and appetite control. Notably, the activity of Tirzepatide at the GIP receptor closely mimics that of the endogenous GIP hormone, facilitating insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. In contrast, its action at the GLP-1 receptor is somewhat reduced when compared to the native GLP-1 hormone. Both receptors are widely distributed throughout the body, being present on pancreatic α and β cells, as well as in the heart, vasculature, immune cells (such as leukocytes), gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. Additionally, GIP receptors are localized to adipocytes, emphasizing their role in lipid metabolism and energy balance. Importantly, both GIP and GLP-1 receptors are expressed in brain regions integral to appetite regulation, suggesting a complex interplay between these pathways and body weight management. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tirzepatide following subcutaneous administration in healthy subjects. Moreover, the impact of tirzepatide on weight reduction was assessed by comparing the subjects' weight measurements taken at study check-in and again at the end of the intervention period. Materials and methods: Materials: Dose and Mode of Administration: Mounjaro (Tirzepatide) solution for injection in a prefilled pen 2.5 mg/0.5 mL, subcutaneous injection in sitting posture under fasting condition. Methods and Findings: The study was conducted as a single-dose bioavailability study under fasting conditions to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of Tirzepatide. A total of four male subjects, aged between 31 and 40 years, who met the protocol defined eligibility criteria were enrolled in the study after a written informed consent was obtained. Each participant was administered with a single dose of subcutaneous injection of Tirzepatide, administered in the right side of abdomen to ensure standardisation for consistent bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profiling. Blood samples were collected at various time points, up to 96 hours post-administration, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the drug's pharmacokinetic parameters. To evaluate safety, thorough assessments were conducted prior to enrolment in study, during the study and post study, including clinical examinations, vital sign measurements, laboratory tests, and close monitoring of each subject’s overall well-being during the conduct. Any symptoms or signs of adverse events were carefully evaluated throughout the study duration and documented. The plasma concentrations of Tirzepatide were quantified using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, ensuring reliable and accurate measurement of the drug concentration levels. The concentration data obtained were then used for pharmacokinetic analysis using the Phoenix WinNonlin version 8.4 software tool. Conclusion: The study was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of Tirzapatide, a novel long-acting agonist of GIP and GLP-1 receptors, when a single dose is administered via subcutaneous route to healthy male subjects. The findings from this study will contribute to the understanding and provide insights into Tirzepatide's therapeutic efficacy in weight reduction and its safety profile.

Effects and Mechanisms of Task-Oriented Training on Improving Motor Function in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Literature Review

Yang Gao, Yuping Zhu, Xueyi Zhong, Ziteng Wang, Yun Li — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) is a neurological disorder caused by abnormal brain development or brain injury, and it represents the most common type of motor disability in children. It is primarily characterized by abnormal muscle tone, impaired motor coordination, and restricted motor function, which severely compromise children's health and quality of life. In recent years, task-oriented training (TOT), a rehabilitation approach focused on specific functional goals, has demonstrated significant efficacy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. TOT not only improves motor function but also facilitates neuroplastic changes in the brain and spinal cord, thereby enhancing motor control and coordination. Despite growing attention to its therapeutic benefits, the underlying mechanisms through which TOT exerts its effects remain insufficiently understood. This review analyzes the patterns and causes of motor function deterioration in children with SCP and explores the therapeutic role and mechanistic basis of TOT in addressing motor impairments associated with spastic cerebral palsy.

Open Letter to U.S. President Donald J. Trump: Deep-State Devastation of Human and Environmental Health

J. Marvin Herndon, Ph.D. — Sat, 07 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0100

One of the primary purposes of the U.S. Constitution, as set forth in its Preamble, is to “promote the general welfare.” Yet, for at least two decades, as evidenced in this document and its references, the Deep-State, including components of the U.S. military, NOAA and its predecessors, the CIA, NASA, EPA and other U.S. agencies, together with corresponding foreign entities, have been engaged in a widespread, massive-scale, covert activity poisoning the air we breathe with an extremely toxic substance that has been implicated in numerous very serious human and environmental health problems. Although said extremely toxic substance is a closely guarded secret, by sound scientific methodology, we have discovered the identity of said toxic substance, evidenced as coal fly ash, and its grievous adverse consequences on human and environmental health as reviewed here.

Global Warming – An Astronomical Phenomenon without Connection with Greenhouse Gases in Earth’s Atmosphere?

Nikolay Petrov Takuchev — Sun, 08 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The now generally accepted paradigm points to greenhouse gases as the source of global warming, a significant part of which is anthropogenic, from the extraction and burning of fossil fuels and intensive agricultural production. The hope is that it is within humanity’s ability to limit this biosphere-threatening process by regulating the mentioned activities. This article argues that processes on the Sun have partly or entirely caused global warming in the Earth’s atmosphere over the past 70 years. Global warming is likely a consequence of streams of positively charged, high-energy particles emitted by the Sun, mainly during the “rise” phase of solar activity when the phenomena on the Sun’s surface are associated with the growing magnetic field. Part of the flow of high-energy radiation reaches the Earth. It penetrates deep into the Earth’s atmosphere, creating an increased content of ions that serve as condensation nuclei around which water vapor forms drops. Condensation nuclei increase cloudiness in the lower atmosphere. The upper surface of clouds and fog partly reflects electromagnetic solar radiation into space. It does not reach the Earth’s surface, which leads to a decrease in the temperature of the surface and, hence, in the temperature of the ground air heated by the surface. When the solar activity decreases, as observed in the last 70 years, the reverse process occurs – the high-energy fluxes of corpuscular radiation decrease, the ionization of the air in the Earth’s atmosphere decreases, the cloudiness decreases, more solar electromagnetic radiation reaches the Earth’s surface and increases the temperature (Global warming). Significance statement: Global warming – what is this phenomenon threatening humanity, and can we fight it? It seems that humanity has accepted as true the answer that the phenomenon is due to the release of greenhouse gases, and if we stop emitting them, global warming will end. For this purpose, the world allocates about 3 trillion dollars annually. Are these funds being directed correctly? The answer in this article is negative – the phenomenon has a natural cosmic origin, and its consequences can be mitigated through measures different from those applied so far.

Identification of Child and Youth Maltreatment at Emergency Departments

Mari Salminen-Tuomaala, Juha Tiainen, Eija Paavilainen — Tue, 10 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The purpose of the study was to describe emergency department nursing staff’s ratings and experiences of identifying child and youth maltreatment. The study aimed at producing information that can be used in nursing to promote the detection of maltreated children and youth. The data was collected using a Webropol survey in autumn 2022 and spring 2023. The quantitative data was analysed using statistical methods and the qualitative data using inductive content analysis. The majority of the nursing staff at emergency departments rated their competencies in identifying physical child and youth maltreatment and neglect of care as rather good. In contrast, they did not assess their competencies in identifying psychological maltreatment as good. The emergency department staff were aware of factors associated with child and youth maltreatment, including parents’ lacking care skills, nutritional problems, signs of physical violence, neglect of a child’s medical care, and situations that threaten a child’s or youth’s mental and physical health.