European Journal of Applied Sciences

Optics-Butterfly-Phenomenon --- Double-slit, No-parallel-double-slit, Curve-double-slit, No-parallel-curve-double-slit

Hui Peng — 2026-01-14

In this article, to study the mystery, we extend: the single-slit to curve-single-slit, and double-slit to non-parallel-double-slit to curve-double-slit to non-parallel-curve-double-slit experiments. We show the phenomena that the slight differences in the structures/shapes of slits produce profound different patterns, referred to it as “Optics-Butterfly-phenomenon”. The “Optics-Butterfly-Phenomenon” is helpful for thoroughly understanding the interference/diffraction phenomena of the optics. It is challenge to interpret “Optics-Butterfly-Phenomenon”.

Hydro-Climate Variability and Its Implications for Water Resource Sustainability in the Sahiwal Region of Pakistan

Sajjad Ahmad — 2026-01-11

Hydro-climatic variations pose significant risks to natural environment particularly water security and agri based activities in moderate-arid zones such as Sahiwal-Region, Pakistan. This main focus of this research study is to evaluate the impacts of climate change on rain fall patterns in Sahiwal region. For this task, ten years rainfall data (2014 –2023) was investigated and shifts in rainfall events over time were computed. Finally, this study outlines the critical implications for water resource management and propose climate-adaptive interventions. During the selected study period 92014-2023, the rainfall trends exhibited significant variations, ranging from 219 mm (2021, intense drought) to 625.62 mm (2015, extreme rainfall). Statistical analysis shows mean annual rainfall of 420.3 mm with a substantial fluctuation of 115.7 mm, indicating unpredictable shifts. The coefficient of variation approximately 29% further exhibits significant yearly variations. Regression modelling predicts a slight declined in raining for 2024 to 2028, though greater deviations remain. While expediting the rainfall patterns, it was observed that about 10% of years were considered as intense dry and 20% as intense wet, marking increased hydro-climatic risk. The tenure, 2017 to 2021 exhibited extended drought years while remaining years exhibited partial recovery. The shift in trends threaten groundwater recharge, prolonged water availability and crop productivity. This study analyzes raining trends from 2014- 2023 to assess their impacts on sustainability of water resource and climate resilience.

Evaluation of the Functional Response of Seven Spotted Lady Bird Beetle Coccinella septumpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Five Varying Densities of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Population under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Peter Dennis Musa — 2026-02-12

Bemisia tabaci is a cosmopolitan polyphagous insect undermining the productivity of a wide range of crops including but not limited to horticulture, ornamental and vegetable crops. The management of B.tabaci has been dominated by the use of broad-spectrum insecticides, though having the unique feature of reducing pest population below action threshold and economic injury level, their usage is however characterized with side effects including but not limited to environmental degradation and development of resistant genes in insects. The use of natural enemies (biological control) is considered more sustainable and viable option, environmentally friendly and poses no risk to users. Among the numerous biological control opportunities, the use of coccinellid beetles potentially proves to be quite promising and are abundantly found in insect infested vegetable fields. The ability of natural enemies as effective biological control agents is highly vested in their respond to density of preys density-dependent which can be measured in terms of their functional responses focusing on instantaneous search rates (a) and handling time (Th) as distinct and invaluable parameters. A bioassay cage experiment under laboratory conditions was carried out to evaluate the functional response of seven spotted lady bird beetle C. septumpuntata late 4^th instars, male and female adults respectively on varying densities of B. tabaci eggs, 2^nd and 3^rd instars. The results were normalized and nature of response curves of C. septempartite on these prey densities were characterized and determined as Type II functional response. The response curves monotonically declined with increased in pest density for the 4^th instars , female and male adults when fed on 2^nd instar larvae with female adults showing the highest instantaneous search rate 0.54 and lowest handling time 0.19 and maximum consumption of 10.95 prey^-1hr^-1 strongly indicating that the female beetles showed potential attributes as ideal biological control candidate compare to the male and late 4^th instar counterparts when fed on the 2^nd and 3^rd instars. However, when beetles were offered with B. tabaci eggs , the 4^th instars demonstrated least handling time 0.73 and higher attack rate 2.57 than the female and male counterpart correspondingly showing the highest satiation threshold 32.87 prey^-1hr^-1.Though the beetle demonstrated promising potential as an ideal candidate based on current laboratory findings providing insight on the possibility for mass rearing and subsequent utilization in biological control programs of agricultural pests , there is however need for further investigation under greenhouse and field scenarios. Meanwhile, the prospect of C. septumpunctata as an ideal biological control candidate on B. tabaci population is discussed.

Photon’s Mass (m) is a Function (f) of its Energy(E): m = f (E) (A Possible New Postulate)

Antonio Puccini — 2026-01-11

Analyzing the numerous effects induced by electromagnetic radiations (EMRs), such as the photo-electric effect, or the Compton effect, in which the photon(P) behaves physically like a microscopic billiard pellet, with mechanical effects superimposable on those performed by massive particles, we suspect that the momentum(p) of P transports, with its motion, also a dynamic-mass, likely in the form of mass-energy density (however undetectable during motion: the Complementarity Principle prohibits it). Besides, as Pacini reminds us, ‘motion itself is mass’. Applying the de Broglie formula (p=h/λ) to the EMRs, it emerges that the momentum (p) of an optical P corresponds to 1.325∙10^-22 [g∙cm/s], i.e. values over 100,000 times greater than the rest mass of the electron. Planck itself expressed in erg∙sec, that is, in grams ∙cm²/s, the value of the well-known ‘natural constant’, h, which represents the physical, concrete, real heart, of the ‘quantum of EMR’, or Planck's grain: how to say P. Thus, the parameter h is indicated in grams, values therefore likely referable to a mass density, quantitatively invariant, even during motion, unlike energy, which instead varies with the wavelength (λ) of the P considered. This is what is correctly found in the work, comparing the values of the Ps momenta of different λ, thus confirming that the probable mass density conveyed by Ps is a function of their energies.

Was Thomas R. Baron a Victim of Intelligent Homicide?

Alen J Salerian — 2026-01-18

Introduction: Thomas Ronald Baron was a quality control and safety inspector for North American Aviation(NAA), the primary contractor to build the Apollo command module. After the Apollo 1 fire, Baron wrote a 275-page report on NASA safety protocol violations, which he gave to Rep. Olin E. Teague's investigation at Cape Kennedy in Florida, on April 21, 1967. Six days after his testimony, Baron was killed instantly, along with his wife and stepdaughter, when a train crashed into their car near their home in Mims, Florida. Objective: To determine whether Thomas R Baron was a victim of homicide? Method: To apply the probability theory to published data on Thomas R Baron’s death to project odds of certainty of “Thomas R Baron was a victim of homicide”. Results: Thomas R. Baron was killed by homicide with mathematical certainty of %99.999 with 21 independent observations consistent with “Thomas R Baron was a victim of homicide” and inconsistent with “Thomas R Baron was not a victim of homicide”. Discussion: Converging forensic medical and mathematical evidence suggests Thomas R Baron was a victim of an intelligent homicide. Sadly , Baron’s well engineered death would represent a tragic page in space race along with several other victims who were silenced to cover up the Apollo Moon Hoax . Thomas Baron’s homicide warrants a new investigation. Conclusion: Thomas R Baron was a victim of homicide”.

Factors Associated with Health Literacy and Ease of Following a Healthy Lifestyle

Mari Salminen-Tuomaala — 2026-02-09

This quantitative survey with 461 respondents living in Finland is based on a statistical analysis of the participants’ responses to structured questions. The study examined which sociodemographic and health-related factors were associated with self-rated health literacy and ease of following a healthy lifestyle. The information that can help healthcare professionals and policy-makers develop health literacy guidance for citizens. Consistent with earlier research, the study linked lower health literacy with older age and higher level of education with better health literacy. Higher education was also associated with the ease of following a healthy lifestyle, apparent as self-efficacy and perceived benefits of a healthy lifestyle. Health literacy was higher in larger families, compared to individuals living alone. People with better health literacy rated their health better and reported healthier eating habits. The results seem compatible with the findings that health literacy is positively associated with health-promoting behaviors and that self-efficacy and beliefs about perceived benefits are linked to their adoption. If a causal relationship from health literacy to improved health is presumed, it would seem that besides older adults, alone-living individuals would benefit from an investment in the promotion of health literacy.

Primordial Wormholes and their Traversability Constraints: In the Context of the Presence and Absence of Exotic Matter

Shawki Al Dallal — 2026-01-10

Wormholes, though never directly observed, arise as legitimate solutions to the field equations of general relativity. Early work by Patton and Wheeler introduced the concept of quantum foam, wherein the gravitational vacuum at the Planck scale consists of fluctuating microscopic geometries. Among these configurations, submicroscopic wormholes may naturally emerge, particularly in the extreme conditions of the early universe. Governed by the uncertainty principle, such wormholes are expected to be highly transient. However, it has been conjectured that quantum fluctuations could enable their gradual growth, allowing Planck-scale wormholes to expand to microscopic or even macroscopic sizes. During the inflationary epoch, this process might have produced an interconnected network of primordial wormholes. Classically, wormholes are unstable and rapidly collapse into singularities. To render them traversable, Kip Thorne and collaborators proposed the necessity of exotic matter, which counteracts gravitational collapse by violating the null energy condition through negative stress-energy density. While exotic matter is not observed macroscopically, quantum field theory permits negative energy densities and fluxes under strict constraints imposed by quantum inequalities. In this work, we present a comprehensive analysis of various theoretical models proposed to stabilize wormholes, assessing their consistency within the broader framework of quantum gravity and early-universe cosmology. We further investigate the potential role of antimatter and the implications of charge–parity–time (CPT) violation in both flat and curved spacetimes for wormhole dynamics. Additionally, alternative models of traversable wormholes that do not require exotic matter are discussed. Our aim is to evaluate the plausibility of traversable primordial wormholes and to elucidate their potential significance in shaping our understanding of the universe’s earliest stages.

Management of Endophthalmitis at the IOTA University Hospital Center (CHU-IOTA)

M K Sidibe — 2026-02-02

Introduction: Endophthalmitis represents a rare but serious damage to the eyeball, potentially blinding, leading in most cases to a significant or permanent reduction in visual acuity. They mainly affect active people and can occur after regular eye surgery, endogenous eye trauma or by contiguity. They sometimes involve the anatomy of the globe. Methodology: This was a prospective and descriptive study running from January 1 to June 30, 2020 and covering all patients aged over 10 years consulting for endophthalmitis at IOTA University Hospital. The general objective was to study the management of endophthalmitis. Result: In total, 55 cases out of 20,843 patients were identified, i.e. a frequency of 0.26%. The average age was 39 years with a range of 10 to 74 years. The sex ratio was 1.3. Ocular trauma was the most common etiology found in 78.2%. Gram-positive germs were found in 47.3%. In total, 51 eyes or 92.8% were anatomically preserved and four eyes were eviscerated or 7.2%. The anatomical result at the end of the treatment was satisfactory in 92.8%. On admission, all our patients had visual acuity less than 1/10. Patients had visual acuity of 1-3/10 in 36.4% and greater than 3/10 in 16.4% after treatment. Endophthalmitis was complicated by iris hernia with 12.7%. Discussion: Ocular trauma represented the highest frequency, i.e. 78.2%. This result is higher than that of Chehab H. et al. [1] who found a frequency of 13% in his study. Endophthalmitis after cataract surgery represented 16.4%. This result is significantly higher than that of Chérif T. and Isabelle C. [3] who found 0.014%. Endogenous etiology was represented in 5.4%. Landré C. and Baillif S. [9] found 6.20% of endogenous cause out of 323 cases in their study. On admission, 100% of our patients had visual acuity less than 1/10; the most common signs were pain and decreased visual acuity (BAV). Marcil S. et al. had found BAV, pain in all patients. FRIENDS group. [8] also reported 100% BAV and 60% ocular pain. Thus, we witnessed a significantly favorable evolution of this visual acuity 90 days after initiation of treatment. Conclusion: Endophthalmitis, an ophthalmological emergency, is a potentially blinding intraocular infection. Early treatment, adapted to the antibiogram, would be decisive for a better anatomical and functional prognosis.

Care and Rehabilitation Needs of Patients with Stroke-induced Facial Paralysis - Mixed Methods Research on Professionals’ Experiences

Mari Salminen-Tuomaala — 2026-01-31

Aim: to describe needs to develop the care and rehabilitation of patients living with stroke-induced facial paralysis. Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study based on quantitative and qualitative data Methods: Data was collected using an online survey sent to nurses and other healthcare professionals working with neurological patients in 15 hospitals in Finland. The quantitative data was analyzed using Webropol analytics and the qualitative data using inductive content analysis. Results: More than half of the participants found that they were not familiar with the care or rehabilitation for facial paralysis. The participants proposed (1) a clear, evidence based care and rehabilitation pathway; (2) interprofessional and profession-specific training to embed guidelines into practice; (3) Interprofessional collaboration; and (4) effective self-care and self-rehabilitation with the assistance of families and support persons. Conclusion: The creation of evidence-based standardized guidelines followed by interprofessional and profession-specific continuing education programs is necessary. Implications for the profession and patient care: Improving nurses’ and other healthcare professionals competencies through continuing education programs is essential to ensure patients with facial paralysis equal access to high quality care.

Association of Codon 72 Polymorphism in Exon 4 of the TP53 Gene in Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors in Senegal

Hijeux Minte Cheikh Mohamed Malainy Samb — 2026-01-11

Background: The Arg72Pro (R72P) polymorphism of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene has been controversially associated with breast cancer risk, with significant variations depending on ethnic origin. Little data exists for West African populations. This study seeks to evaluate the distribution and association of the R72P polymorphism of exon 4 of the TP53 gene with benign and malignant breast tumors in the Senegalese population. Methodology: The study was conducted on 48 Senegalese women: 17 with breast cancer (malignant), 12 with benign tumors, and 19 healthy controls. The polymorphism was genotyped by PCR followed by restriction fragment analysis. Polymorphism and allelic diversity, as well as genetic differentiation parameters and correspondence factor analysis, were generated using Genetix software version 4.05.2 and Bayesian inference with STRUCTURE. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested using GenePop software version 4.3. Results: The analysis revealed a distinct allele distribution, with a predominant frequency of the C allele (Pro72) in controls (77.7%) and an increased frequency of the G allele (Arg72) in patients with tumors (25% malignant, 12.5% benign). Statistically, no significant association was found between genotypes and the risk of developing malignant or benign breast tumors. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests showed a significant imbalance in the patient populations, unlike in the controls. Finally, population genetic analyses (low F_ST differentiation indices, negligible genetic distances, and genetic structure in two clusters) indicated high genetic homogeneity between the three groups for this specific locus. Conclusion: Although differences in allele frequency were observed, the R72P polymorphism of TP53 is not an independent and significant risk factor for breast cancer in this Senegalese cohort. The high genetic homogeneity observed suggests that this variant alone is probably not a key determinant of breast pathology in this population. These results highlight the importance of local studies and the need for broader research incorporating other genetic and environmental factors.

Comparative Analysis of Offensive and Defensive Capabilities of the Top Four Teams in the 2023-2024 CBA Playoffs

Dianguo Zhang — 2026-02-17

This study examines the offensive and defensive capabilities of the top four teams in the 2023-2024 Chinese Basketball Association (CBA) playoffs: Liaoning Benxi Steel, Xinjiang Guanghui, Zhejiang Chouzhou Bank, and Guangdong Hongyuan. Using literature review, video observation, and mathematical statistics methods, we conducted a systematic comparative analysis of the four teams' offensive and defensive performance. We constructed an evaluation index system comprising two dimensions: offensive capability and defensive capability, employed principal component analysis to extract core factors, and utilized analysis of variance and cluster analysis for difference testing. The results indicate that: (1) The four teams exhibit significant stylistic differentiation, with Guangdong characterized as a "perimeter-oriented" team, Liaoning as a "defense-first" team, Xinjiang as an "interior-dominant" team, and Zhejiang demonstrating balanced offensive and defensive characteristics; (2) Three-point field goal percentage and assist rate are key indicators distinguishing offensive efficiency, while defensive rebound rate and steal rate significantly influence game outcomes; (3) The comprehensive strength ranking derived from factor analysis closely matches the actual playoff standings. This research provides theoretical reference and practical guidance for CBA teams seeking to enhance their competitive performance.

Rise of Computer-Related Crimes: Loss of Data, Infrastructures, and Monetary Assets

Arianna E. Ortiz — 2026-02-09

In recent years, there has been a significant rise in computer-related crimes that have caused loss of data, damage to infrastructure, and monetary loss. This paper intends to analyze the extent of the losses and other damage using the data extracted from the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) reports, ranging from the years 2020 to 2024, and to analyze trends in financial losses, mostly because of a wide range of internet crimes. Additionally, this paper recognizes the pattern of reported losses and calculates the expected values for the future years of 2025 and 2026. Losses reported on the IC3 increased significantly from $4.2 billion in 2020 to a staggering amount of $16.6 billion in 2024 and are predicted to keep increasing in future years. To ascertain the potential losses, time series forecasting is conducted on the data mostly provided in the IC3. Due to the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) related applications, AI-driven attacks are on the horizon, the proliferation of dark web tools, and increased global interconnectedness mean that the scale, speed, and cost of cybercrime continue to accelerate, necessitating significant investment in cybersecurity measures and resilience. Computer-related crimes are escalating rapidly, resulting in massive losses of data, severe damage to infrastructures, and staggering monetary assets. The global cost of cybercrime is projected to reach $10.5 trillion annually by 2025, growing by 15% each year, according to some estimates. These findings alert the public to be aware of severity of this dire situation they could face and to harden their software and take possible preventative measures to minimize the losses.

On the Relationship between the Amplification of the NMR Spin Echo Signal and the Mobility of Domain Walls in Cobalt Micro- and Nanowires During Magnetization Reversal

G Mamniashvili — 2026-01-10

A comparative study of the amplification of the NMR two-pulse echo signal in polymer composites based on synthesized and commercial cobalt nano- and microwires during their magnetization reversal was carried out. For this purpose, the two-pulse NMR spin echo method was employed, incorporating an additional magnetic video pulse (MVP) in an external magnetic field. The echo signal enhancement effect in the case of synthesized microwires is much greater than that of commercial nanowires, which may be due to the lower pinning force of domain walls and their greater mobility in them. This information may be useful for improving the technology for manufacturing cobalt nano- and microwires for use in sensors, memory devices, and permanent magnets that do not contain rare-earth elements, as well as in other applications.

The Investigation on Multi-stage Cold Forming Process for Manufacturing of SCM435 Alloy Steel Spherical Joints

Chih-Cheng Yang — 2026-02-17

Multi-stage cold forming is commonly used for forging fasteners and parts. This study numerically simulates the five-stage cold forming process of SCM435 alloy steel spherical joints. The five-stage cold forming process includes preparation along with centering, upsetting, twice backward extrusions over a moving punch along with upsetting to spherical shape, and piercing. The numerical simulations of cold forming are carried out using the finite element code of DEFORM-3D. The formability of the workpiece is studied, such as the forming force response, maximum forming forces, effective stress and strain distributions, and metal flow pattern. In the five-stage forming process, the effective stress and effective strain of the workpiece are significantly increased due to the large deformation in the two forming stages of backward extrusion along with upsetting to a spherical shape, and in the forming stage of piercing. The flow line distributions are also very complex, especially the flow lines in the piercing region around the inner wall of the hole are severely bent and highly compacted, eventually leading to fracture. In the fourth stage, the workpiece is secondly backward extruded along with upset, and the maximum axial forming force is the largest of the five stages. In the third stage of the firstly backward extrusion along with upset, the forming energy is the highest of the five stages due to the longer acted axial forming stroke. From the first stage to the last stage, the total maximum axial forming forces are 2,209.5 kN and the total forming energies are approximately 4.60 kJ.

The Biothermic Collapse: Radiological Interference in Forest Heat Sinks as a Driver of Global Thermal Anomalies (1990–2014) - A Paper Written with Gemini

Florent Pirot — 2026-01-25

Current climate models primarily attribute global temperature rises to the radiative forcing of greenhouse gases (CO2). However, these models often fail to explain rapid, decadal "step-ups" in global land-ocean temperatures that correlate geographically with major radiological events. This paper proposes a materialist framework: Global warming is a symptom of a disabled biosphere. We hypothesize that the aerosolization of alpha-emitting nanoparticulates—originating from Depleted Uranium (DU) ballasts in munitions and Natural Radionuclides (NORMs) in volcanic tephras—targets the Earth's primary cooling engine: terrestrial forests. Mechanism of Action: During periods of high evapotranspiration, forest canopies open their stomata to facilitate cooling. Atmospheric alpha emitters enter these pores, translocating into the chloroplasts where they bind to and inhibit Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). Recent in vivo studies confirm that transformed nanoparticles can reduce RuBisCO activity by a factor of three, effectively "shutting down" the endothermic sequestration of solar energy. Case Study Analysis: * The Balkan Pulse (1993–1999): The deployment of over 1,500 Tomahawk missiles (each containing ~20 kg of DU ballast [Gemini keeps with documentation from Eos LifeWorks but NATO indicates that indeed it is 500 kilograms per Tomahawk missile and that there is a confusion with Hellfire missiles, that incorporate 18-25 kilograms of DU each]) and thousands of 30mm DU rounds aerosolized an estimated 30–50 tons [in fact ~400 tons according to NATO] of alpha emitters. This pulse coincided with a measurable 1.1°C forest temperature anomaly in the Balkans, as the region’s endothermic capacity collapsed. * The 2008 Volcanic Pulse: The rhyolitic eruptions of Chaitén and Kasatochi deposited NORM-rich tephras over the Argentine Pampa and Canadian Boreal forests. The subsequent "browning" of these sinks preceded the 2014 global temperature record. Thermodynamic Proof: The "smoking gun" for this model is the shift in the Bowen Ratio (B), defined as: B = H / LE. Where H is Sensible Heat (warming) and LE is Latent Heat (cooling). Data from 1990–2014 show significant positive Bowen anomalies in affected forested regions, indicating a transition from biothermic cooling to atmospheric heating. Conclusion: When the Earth’s "radiators" (forests) are radiologically poisoned, the energy balance shifts. Solar radiation is no longer sequestered into biomass but is instead released as sensible heat, which is then trapped by atmospheric tephras and anthropogenic heat emissions (AHE). In this framework, CO_2 rise is identified as a secondary symptom of biomass failure, while the primary driver of warming is the radiological degradation of the Earth's thermodynamic heat sinks.

Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Increase Rice Yield, and Water-Use Efficiency while Mitigating Methane Emissions from Synchronized Rice Systems

S. Das — 2026-01-07

A field experiment was conducted at a synchronized cropping area on a farmer's field in Nokla, Sherpur, Bangladesh using Boro rice (SL8H Super Hybrid), to identify effective water management practices for water saving, methane emission reduction, and sustainable yield. The experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design with two treatments and four replications. The treatments were as follows: T₁ = Irrigation with alternate wetting and drying (AWD), and T₂ = Non-AWD, which involved normal irrigation (farmer's practice) with continuous standing water in the field. The results showed that the AWD plot had a higher grain yield (6.61 t ha⁻¹) compared to the Non-AWD plot (5.83 t ha⁻¹), with a 13.4% increase in yield and a 16% reduction in irrigation water use. Moreover, cumulative methane (CH₄) emissions were higher under the Non-AWD treatment compared to the AWD treatment throughout the season. The AWD irrigation system reduced CH₄ emissions by 35%, likely due to intermittent aeration that makes the soil oxic, promoting the oxidation of CH₄ by methanotrophic microbes. This leads to a decrease in methane emissions. Thus, the implementation of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) in Boro rice cultivation proves to be an effective management strategy for reducing CH₄ production and emissions, contributing to more sustainable rice production.

Evolution: Survival of the Wildest

Lawrence James Cookson — 2026-02-17

Animals raised in captivity before release into the wild consistently show lower survival rates than those reared in natural environments. Captive-reared animals exhibit a wide range of skill deficiencies, such as in predator avoidance, food selection, migration, conspecific integration, and parenting. These differences suggest a strong selective advantage towards those able to integrate into the wild, in a way that goes beyond genetic instruction. Successfully integrating into the wild requires specific adaptations that foster a psychological state of wildness, a state that improves fluency and awareness through mechanisms targeting nature attunement, behavioural parsimony, and instinct learning. In our species, wildness is rejected because of the imagined chaos it might bring, and nature shunned as a way of coping with a fear of death, as explained by Terror Management Theory. However, better knowledge of the mechanisms involved may raise our standard of understanding and responsibility towards nature and each other. Examples comparing interpretations based upon ‘survival of the wildest’ (SOW) with ‘survival of the fittest’ (SOF) are provided.

An Assessment of the Existence, Nature and Role of Current Internal Controls Being Applied at Lobels Bread, a Bread and Confectionary Manufacturer, Based in the Bulawayo Metropolitan Province in Zimbabwe

Kenneth Tavarwisa — 2026-01-27

The research investigates and evaluates the existence, nature and role of internal controls at Lobels Bread Private Limited, a company facing financial distress, with the aim of identifying areas of weakness and providing recommendations to avoid and prevent collapse using a descriptive survey research design. The study employed questionnaires and interviews as tools for data collection, targeting 40 employees selected using stratified random sampling technique. The questionnaire consisted of both open- ended and closed- ended questions, while in-depth interviews were conducted with key personnel including the Finance Manager and Internal Auditor. The study reveals that Lobels Bread has a partially implemented internal control system with some controls in place but lacking comprehensiveness and effectiveness. The company’s control environment is characterized by inadequate segregation of duties, lack of clear policies and procedures, and insufficient monitoring and review processes. The study also identifies significant weaknesses in the company’s internal controls, including inadequate accounting and financial reporting systems, poor inventory management and lack of effective risk management policies. The findings of the study indicate that the internal controls at Lobels bread are not effective in preventing financial distress, and that the company is at risk of collapse if the weaknesses are not addressed. The study provide practical recommendations for Lobels bread to improve its internal controls , including strengthening the control environment , improving accounting and financial reporting systems, enhancing inventory management and establishing effective risk management processes. The study contributes to the existing literature on controls and financial distress, and provides insights into the importance of effective internal controls in preventing financial distress. The findings of this study are relevant to companies facing financial distress and can be used to inform strategies for improving internal controls and preventing collapse.

Theory of Everything: The Generation Model

Brian Albert Robson — 2026-01-10

The main purpose of this paper is to present the long history of the quest to understand both the composition and the structure of the Universe in terms of the nature of the building blocks of the constituent ordinary matter and the nature of the forces acting between these elementary particles. This quest is essentially to find a ‘Theory of Everything’, i.e. a single framework, which describes all the forces of the cosmos and their interactions between the elementary particles constituting the ordinary matter of the Universe. The long history of the above quest for a ‘Theory of Everything’ is discussed critically with regard to the merit of the essential contributions made towards the ‘Final Theory’. In particular, the negative aspects of each contribution, especially the dubious assumptions that caused the quest to fail to achieve an appropriate ‘Theory of Everything’ in terms of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics and the Standard Model of Cosmology (SMC) will be discussed in detail. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated that the development of an alternative model of particle physics, termed the Generation Model (GM), primarily to overcome many deficiencies of the SM, leads to a successful ‘Theory of Everything’.

Investigating the Impact of Sika Admixtures on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Concrete Formulated with Different Cement Types

Valentin Makomra — 2026-02-11

This dissertation investigates the impact of Sika admixtures (Sikalite, Sikalatex, and Sikaviscocrete) on the physico-mechanical properties of concrete formulated with different types of cement, specifically Ordinary Portland Cement (Dangote 42.5) and Pozzolanic Cement (CIMAF 42.5). Despite the widespread use of Sika admixtures in concrete production, there remains limited understanding of their effects on concrete performance across various cement types. The overall objective of this study was to optimize concrete formulations to enhance strength and durability in diverse environmental conditions. The research employs the Dreux-Gorisse method for concrete mix design, targeting a compressive strength of 25 MPa. Laboratory tests assessed compressive strength, workability, density, and water absorption of concrete samples with varying percentages of three types of Sika admixtures: Sikalite, Sikalatex, and Sikaviscocrete. Key findings reveal that the incorporation of Sika admixtures significantly enhances concrete properties. For instance, 7-day compressive strength increased by 31% with Sikaviscocrete, achieving 23.1 MPa for Ordinary Portland Cement and 22.3 MPa for Pozzolanic Cement. Workability improved considerably, with an average slump of 49 mm for Sikaviscocrete compared to control mixes. Water absorption tests indicated a reduction of approximately 42%, underscoring enhanced durability. In conclusion, Sika admixtures effectively optimize concrete performance, making them particularly suitable for applications requiring high strength and durability. This study offers valuable insights for engineers aiming to improve concrete formulations through strategic use of chemical admixtures.

Improved Performance of Airfoils Through Vortex Generators Flow Control

Olanrewaju Miracle Oyewola — 2026-01-19

Commercial airliners are an irreplaceable aspect of modern society with 4.1 billion passengers per year on 37 million flights. Commercial flights are integral to not only passenger transportation but also to transportation of freight.[4] According to the Air Transport Action Group using air transportation significantly impacts the environment. In 2019, the global aviation industry accounted for 2.1% of all human carbon dioxide emissions and 12% of all transportation carbon dioxide emissions [5]. To increase the efficiency of commercial flights, optimizations can be made in subsonic or transonic regimes via flow control. In this work “Smart” Vortex generators, which only are active at low altitudes, were explored for subsonic flow using CFD. It is found that climbing performance is increased. In addition, while the plane's lift is triple, flow separations is reduced at a free stream velocity of 150 mph and at an angle of attack of 8. The overall result suggests the effectiveness of vortex generators as a flow control mechanism especially at a subsonic flow regime. It is however recommended that a combination of flow control strategies over a range of flow regimes will be of great advantage taking into consideration the gains from individual control mechanism.

The Promotion of Peace and Inclusiveness in Sierra Leone: An Engine for Sustainable Development, Access to Justice and Strong Institutions

Joseph Davies — 2026-02-02

Peace and inclusiveness are contraptions for sustaining the development of a country through the right to justice for citizens and non-citizens of a given state from the luxury of commitment of strong institutions. Sierra Leone, over the years, has suffered tremendous political instabilities that have delayed mainly the country's overall development. A country of 16 ethnic groups has been governed since independence by Prime Ministers and Presidents from the two major political parties, the APC and SLPP. Election statistics over the years have shown that the SLPP and APC have most of their support and membership based on ethno-regional lines in Sierra Leone. Therefore, successive governments have only prioritized the share of national resources and particularly employment opportunities based on political patronage, ethno-regional, and party lines, to the disenchantment of the other ethnic groups and regions with little or no political support. Therefore, this paper seeks to evaluate the causes and effects of promoting peace and inclusiveness on the country's sustainable development socially, economically, and politically. The paper used specifically secondary data and employed descriptive statistics in the presentation of data. One of the significant findings is that, apart from the endemic corruption and bureaucracy at high offices in successive governments, political instability, and the deficiency of inclusiveness in the governance arrangements of Sierra Leone are among the critical factors responsible for the segregation in the dispensation of justice and weak institutions in the country.

Comet 3I/Atlas: Divergent Insight and Explanation

J. Marvin Herndon — 2026-02-02

The “various anomalous characteristics determined from photometric and astrometric observations” that inspired thoughts that comet 3I/Atlas might represent alien other-world technology, when viewed from a perspicacious perspective, are not necessarily un-natural at all. The “anomalous characteristic” of nickel observed with little or no iron evokes a divergent insight and explanation that 3I/Atlas contains a mass of nickel silicide analogous to Earth’s nickel silicide inner core. The “anomalous characteristic” of 3I/Atlas’ collimated jet pointing directly at the sun begs the question of both energy source and collimating mechanism. The divergent insight and explanation for 3I/Atlas’ internal energy source may be an accumulation of uranium and radioactive waste products with a collimating mechanism that may have been produced in a manner analogous to the formation of kimberlite pipes. The anomalous characteristic of the unusual density of 3I/Atlas may be the consequence of the comet trapping material it encountered on its long sojourn through space. The main implication is that 3I/Atlas may represent part of a small-planet’s nickel silicide inner core, perhaps along with a portion of its nuclear fission georeactor assembly. From a pedagogical standpoint, the wide-spread media debate suggests that scientific understanding might be better served by wider diversification in scientific education curriculae.

Origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays

J. Marvin Herndon — 2026-01-07

Galaxies are prominent features as deep into the universe as astronomers can observe. Among the vast number of galaxies, there are only a few prominent morphologies, suggesting a commonality of formative conditions. Galaxies and the origin of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium are inexplicable within the current foundations of astrophysics which are based upon stellar ignition by gravitational collapse, galaxy formation from luminous stars, and abrogation of scientific standards. I have presented evidence for a fundamentally different understanding that began with the realization that thermonuclear reactions in stars, as in hydrogen bombs/devices, are ignited by nuclear fission chain reactions, and ultimately that dark stars in dark galaxies are ignited by nuclear matter jetted out from the galactic center. The luminous stars of galaxies are evidence of the paths of galactic jets that contacted and seeded dark stars with fissionable elements that ignited their thermonuclear fusion reactions. The nuclear matter of the galactic jets, I posited, is the principal origin and source of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The spherical assemblage of un-ignited dark stars maintains the dynamical stability of the pattern of luminous stars as required by the velocity dispersions and rotation curves evidenced by Vera C. Rubin. Observation of actinide elements in galactic cosmic rays connects their origin to galactic jets, whose nuclear matter forms actinide elements that sustain nuclear fission chain reactions which ignite thermonuclear fusion reactions thereby making galactic dark stars luminous. Presumably, the nuclear matter jetted from galactic centers is sufficiently energetic to account for the energy distributions observed in galactic cosmic rays. Cosmic rays can now be considered as samples from galactic jets. Theoretical investigations (not models) of nuclear matter condensation of elements from jetted galactic nuclear matter can be validated by comparison with solar/meteoritic abundance patterns, especially the odd atomic mass nuclides.

Relax and Live Longer

Michael Gurevitz — 2026-01-07

Active Ageing in Contemporary Social Work: Global Dimensions, Challenges, and Policy Perspectives

Dana Zamfirescu-Mareș — 2026-02-09

This article offers a critical and interdisciplinary review of the evolution and current dimensions of active ageing within the field of contemporary social work. Tracing the paradigm shift from traditional geriatric care to the active ageing framework, the analysis synthesizes recent literature and empirical studies to highlight the main pillars of active ageing—health, participation, and security—and examines the roles of lifelong learning, intergenerational programs, and social participation in enhancing quality of life for older adults. The review addresses persistent challenges in implementing active ageing strategies, including socio-economic inequalities, rural-urban disparities, and cultural attitudes toward ageing, while also considering the impact of digitalization and the need for specialized training among social workers. By integrating global and comparative perspectives, the article identifies barriers to effective policy and practice, and offers evidence-based recommendations for transforming old age from a period of decline into a stage of meaningful engagement and social value. The discussion concludes with directions for future research and policy, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, equity, and innovation in supporting active ageing worldwide.

GenAI Role in Redefining Learning and Skilling in Companies

I. Hamburg — 2026-01-13

Gen AI models are growing rapidly, changing job roles, and revolutionizing entire industries. Due to advances in technologies, particularly generative AI (GenAI), which also transform industrial processes, companies need to adopt a human-centric approach to corresponding implementation that empowers employees and supports clients. This should be done, i.e., through upskilling, reskilling, cross-skilling, and learning initiatives. GenAI and the future of work and education are strongly connected. GenAI supports learning and development by performing various tasks that influence creating and interacting with content, One problem within companies is the assessment and development of employees' skills, as traditional methods often fail to provide real-time feedback. GenAI supports skill assessment tools for continuous, granular evaluations of employees’ abilities. Through continuous learning, including lifelong learning, and fostering a culture of innovation, businesses can use the full potential of GenAI, ensuring growth, efficiency, and that employees are equipped with the technical skills needed to succeed in an AI-enhanced world. Using a suitable approach to skill development and a commitment to continuous learning within organizations, GenAI drives innovation, improves decision-making, and creates new growth opportunities. In this paper, we first outline some useful steps to realize the value of GenAI transformation and facilitate GenAI adoption in companies. Then, it is briefly explained how GenAI supports employees' development, offering a transformative approach to addressing challenges through learning, unlearning, and relearning, thereby maximizing the opportunities inherent in lifelong learning. Besides lifelong learning, the workforce should be prepared for these changes through skilling programs. In this context, different forms of skilling, like upskilling, reskilling, and cross-skilling, are presented. The results of this paper are based on a literature recherche, an analysis of individual tasks across different occupations, also done within Erasmus+ projects, and discussions with trainers/educators. In conclusion, with a suitable approach to skill development and a commitment to continuous learning within organizations, GenAI drives innovation, enhances decision-making, and creates new opportunities.

Origin and Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans

Lin-gun Liu — 2026-01-07

Both Venus and Mars most likely retain their proto-atmospheres with more than 95% CO₂ plus a few percent of N₂. The Earth is situated between the two; there is no compelling reason that the Earth’s proto-atmosphere should be any different from those of Venus and Mars. Thus, today’s Earth atmosphere is rather different from her proto-atmosphere. After completion of accretion, the magma ocean on the Earth surface started to solidify. Then a Mars-like impactor hit the Earth to form the Moon. The Moon-making giant impact also released a large quantity of supercritical H₂O from the magma ocean entrapped inside the Earth. The supercritical H₂O thus released would then quickly react with CO₂ in the proto-atmosphere to form a supercritical H₂O-CO₂ mixture. When the Earth’s surface cooled down to 450-300 ^oC, the dense supercritical H₂O-CO₂ mixture precipitated to form the Earth’s indigenous oceans which were hot soda supercritical H₂O. When the surface temperature further cooled down, the indigenous oceans expanded at the expense of CO₂ in the proto-atmosphere. The atmospheric pressure also decreased simultaneously. The removal of CO₂ from the proto-atmosphere was accelerated and then completed when the indigenous oceans reacted with the most abundant surface mineral plagioclase to form carbonates and clay minerals, leaving Na⁺ in the oceans. Once CO₂ in the proto-atmosphere was completely removed, N₂ naturally became the most abundant component in the Earth’s atmosphere as observed today. Some supercritical H₂O at high altitude would likely dissociate into O₂ and H₂. The latter would then escape to the outer-space and O₂ remained in the atmosphere. Alternatively, O₂ in the Earth’s atmosphere may be explained by the increase in photosynthetic organisms in the oceans, metabolizing carbon from CO₂ and releasing O₂ into the atmosphere.

The Hippocratic Oath Under Pressure: Ethical Reflections on Physician Responsibility in the JFK Autopsy

Alen J. Salerian — 2026-02-14

Importance: The assassination of President John F. Kennedy remains one of the most debated medical events of the twentieth century. Conflicting medical observations and institutional constraints surrounding the autopsy raise enduring ethical questions about physician autonomy and the obligations of the Hippocratic Oath. Objective: To examine the ethical implications of contested medical evidence in the JFK case and to analyze how institutional pressures may affect physician judgment, documentation, and professional responsibility. Evidence Review: Published medical analyses, radiological evaluations, eyewitness accounts, and philosophical work on epistemic responsibility and moral agency were reviewed to assess the ethical challenges faced by physicians involved in the JFK autopsy. Findings: Documented discrepancies between clinical observations at Parkland Hospital and the official autopsy findings at Bethesda Naval Hospital have been noted in the literature. Analyses have also identified radiological and photographic inconsistencies. Philosophical frameworks highlight the ethical obligations of physicians to maintain independent judgment and resist coercive pressures. Conclusions and Relevance: The JFK case illustrates the ethical challenges physicians may face when evidence is contested or when institutional authority constrains professional autonomy. The case underscores the importance of transparency, accurate documentation, and ethical preparedness in politically sensitive medical contexts.

Bioreaction of the Cells against the Stress Burden

J. Sasaki — 2026-01-18

The Position of Homo sapiens in the Evolutionary Tree of Life Needs Re-assessment

Michael Gurevitz — 2026-01-07

Evaluation of Bioactive Ingredients of Arica papaya and Azadirachta indica on Development and Reproduction of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyroididea)

Peter Dennis Musa — 2026-02-06

Bemisia tabaci is a cosmopolitan pest affecting a wide range of crops including but not limited to horticultural and ornamental crops. Damage is caused through direct feeding on the phloem sap of host crops thereby inducing physiological disorders and serving as vector causing viral diseases in insect population. Both forms of damage have direct consequences on crop production, productivity leading to drastic reduction of economic values of the crops . Management of B. tabaci in Sierra Leone has been dominated by the use of broad-spectrum chemical pesticides, though having the intrinsic feature of reducing the pest population below the economic injury level, yet their usages are associated with adverse effects on the environment, non-targets organisms and development of resistant genes in insects . Equally important, cost and affordability of pesticides for large scale applications are being considered constant economic burden to smallholder farmers. These challenges have prompted to seek alternative substitutes to broad-spectrum chemical pesticides, with a paradigm shift of the use of plant derived bio-active ingredients significant from plants and fungi serving as bio-pesticides. These bio-pesticides have proven to be quite useful in managing sap sucking insects like B. tabaci though their abilities have not been fully exploited in under Sierra Leonean circumstance . This investigation aimed at determining the impact of bio-active ingredients of Neem and Papaya on the reproduction and development of B. tabaci under controlled laboratory conditions. Concentrations of the active ingredients of A. papaya and A.indica were prepared and serially diluted at different concentrations and assayed against eggs and developmental stages of B. tabaci in bioassay cages and maintained under controlled laboratory conditions of 25±2^OC and photoperiodism of 12:12 (L:D). No significant impact % hatchability (p=0.0001) as > 60% of eggs hatched into crawlers, however larval mortality was dose-dependent, larval mortality was significantly impacted and varied with age of immature in the order 2^nd instars >3^rd instars > pupa at (P<0.0.001). LT₅₀ values varied across developmental stage, 2^nd instars required 2.54 and 4.3 days to inflict 50% mortality in population treated with Neem and Papaya respectively. Larval mortality was dose-dependent with mortality proportionally increasing with increased in concentration of the active ingredients. The LC₅₀ values strongly correlated with developmental stage and concentration in the order 2^nd instars <3^rd instars < pupa for neem and papaya extracts respectively. Moreover, the extracts impacted the population dynamics of B. tabaci as the population parameters were significantly influenced by the toxicity of the extracts suppressing the growth and population parameters as compared to the control. Comparatively, the neem extracts significantly impacted the demographic parameters R_o, ƛ, r^m 13.66, 1.103, 0.018 as compared to A. papaya extract 18.97, 1.106 0.101 and control 23.56 1.130 , 0.123 respectively . The importance and potentials of A. indica and A. papaya as effective bio-pesticides for sustainable management B. tabaci were well highlighted and discussed.

Evolutionary Signature and Genetic Structure of Concatenated TP53-CYP17A1 Genes in Colorectal Cancer in Senegal

Anna Ndong — 2026-01-10

This study aims to characterize the mutational profiles of the TP53 and CYP17A1 genes in Senegalese patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) in order to better understand the local molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. The analysis included 24 patients with CRC and 24 healthy controls. The sequences of exon 4 of TP53 and the promoter region at exon 1 of CYP17A1 were concatenated, then subjected to genetic structuring, historical demography, and phylogenetic relationship analyses using DnaSP (v5.10), MEGA (v7.014), and Arlequin (v3.1). The results reveal significant genetic differentiation between cancerous and healthy tissues (F_ST = 0.113, p = 0.009), as well as greater genetic diversity within tumors. Neutrality tests (Tajima's D and Fu's FS) indicate recent demographic expansion in the tumor population, with an excess of rare variants. The multimodal distribution of mismatches and the haplotype network confirm this evolutionary dynamic, marked by the emergence of haplotypes specific to cancerous tissues. These data suggest that the accumulation of mutations in TP53 and CYP17A1 contributes to genetic heterogeneity and CRC progression in the Senegalese population, opening up prospects for targeted therapeutic approaches.

Effectiveness of Extrinsic Reward Management System on Employee Performance: A Case of Office of the Controller and Auditor General Zanzibar

Sharifa Khamis Fakih — 2026-01-07

This study examines the effectiveness of extrinsic rewards (bonuses, recognition awards and promotions) on employee performance in a case study of the Office of the Controller and Auditor General of Zanzibar (OCAGZ). The study uses primary data collected at the OCAGZ using a standard questionnaire distributed to employees in their respective departments accordingly. Linear regression analysis was applied to analyze data and fulfil the requirements of the research objectives which enabled to answer the respective research questions. The findings reveal that, promotion and bonus both have positive and statistically significant impact on employee’s performance. This means that the frequency of promotions and bonuses increases, so too does the organization's performance. However, the recognition award, has a positive but not statistically significant impact to the employee’s performance. Simply is to say that the coefficient for recognition is not statistical significantly different from zero, indicating it is not a significant predictor of performance. Therefore, the overall model suggests that both promotion and bonus significantly contribute to explaining variations in performance, with promotion having the largest effect. Recognition, however, does not appear to be a significant factor in this model. This suggests that OCAGZ should prioritize this aspect of extrinsic rewards when designing or revising Employee Incentive Programs.

A Comparison of Specific Nonconjugated Conductive Polymers for Application as Protective Shields against Nuclear Radiation including Radioactive Iodine

Kirthana Govula — 2026-01-27

Nonconjugated conductive polymers have been shown to be uniquely suited to protective applications against nuclear radiation including radioactive iodine. In this report, we discuss comparative studies of four important nonconjugated conductive polymers for capturing iodine from air and water for the nuclear shielding applications. These four polymers include: cis-polyisoprene, trans-polyisoprene, poly(β-pinene) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). The studies discussed here included measurements of iodine uptakes (doping) over time, consequent increases in electrical conductivities and recorded color changes. In terms of capturing iodine or radioiodine from air and water, cis-polyisoprene has the highest efficiency (fastest), followed by SBR, trans-polyisoprene and poly(β-pinene). These differences arise from variations in molecular structure, chain packing, morphology, and availability of doping sites which impact diffusion dynamics in the formation of charge-transfer complexes. Stopping radioiodine (vapor phase) escaping from nuclear reactors and extracting radioiodine from contaminated water are both significant objectives which can be uniquely achieved by these nonconjugated conductive polymers. Nuclear reactors should be covered by such a polymer to protect against radioiodine emission / leakage to the outside.

Deeper Mysteries of Double Slit Experiments --- 1D and 2D Non-Interference and Interference Patterns

Hui Peng — 2026-01-07

The normal double slit experiments (we refer to it as Straight-Parallel-double-slit) are basic experiments and Feynman’s mystery in the optics/quantum mechanics. In this article, we show the following new mysteries: the characteristics of the interference patterns of the optical slit experiments depend on whether the slits are straight-lines or curve-lines and whether two slits are parallel or non-parallel; and independent on whether there are missing segments at the intersection of, for example, cross-double-slit. We ignore the effects of both the width of the slits and the distance between two slits and then, show the following: there is no variable in Straight-Parallel-double-slit; Straight-Non-Parallel-double-slit has one variable, the angle between two slits; Curve-Parallel-double-slit has one variable, the curvature of the slits; Curve-Non-Parallel-double-slit has two variables, the angle and curvature, and the curvatures of two slits may be either the same or different. The characteristics of patterns depend on those variables. The complete and consistent interpretation is a challenge. The above experiments show deeper mysteries and would motivate further study of optics.

Paradox Kobasko as Green Avenue for Design Super Strong Materials

N. I. Kobasko — 2026-02-17

In the paper the three principles of transient nucleate boiling are used to explain why during quenching in cold fluid, performed under increasing pressure, very important for the practice paradox takes place. Its essence consists in simultaneously increase surface temperature and quick decrease core temperature of quenched steel part when heat transfer coefficient tends to infinity. The discovered paradox can be explored for designing super strong bainite via intense quenching combined with the low and high temperature thermomechanical treatment. The paradox is observed when quench tank is hermitized, the probe is immersed into quenchant and pressure is immediately increased. The two generalized fundamental equations related to transient nucleate boiling and convection create the basis for designing software that governs intensive quenching (IQ) process and bainitic transformations. The schematic installations for quenching samples in cold fluid under pressure is discussed in the paper. Example of calculation is provided. The article can be used by students, engineers, professors and just by good people who are interested in achievements of physics.

Analysis of Physicochemical Properties, Plant Nutrients, and Pesticide Residues in Soil Obtained from Pwani University Farm in Kilifi County, Kenya

George N. Kiraga — 2026-01-27

Soil health is central to sustainable agricultural productivity, yet intensive farming practices can introduce physicochemical imbalances and pesticide contamination that threaten environmental quality and food safety. This study evaluated the soil's physicochemical properties, plant nutrient levels, and pesticide residues across thirteen agricultural sites to assess the soil's quality and contamination status. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, moisture content, organic matter, organic carbon, and plant nutrients using standard protocols. Pesticide residues were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Statistical analyses were conducted using Microsoft Excel and R software, applying one way ANOVA to test for significant differences among sites and Principal Component Analysis to identify dominant factors influencing soil variability. Soil pH ranged from 6.87 to 7.96, while EC ranged from 254.91-1737.50µS/cm. Moisture content was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Significant spatial variation (p < 0.05) was observed for most other parameters, with macronutrients concentrations ranging widely (N: 16.20–1608.62 mg/kg; P: 7.92–28.08 mg/kg; K: 141.84–370.20 mg/kg). PCA revealed that the first four components explained 70.9% of the total variance. with soil fertility. Multiple pesticide residues were detected, with diazinon (0.03–486.82 ppb) and chlorfenvinphos occurring at notably high concentrations (4.13–624.86 ppb). Chlorpyrifos (0.104–5.94 ppb) was present at moderate levels. The findings emphasize the need for site-specific management strategies, adoption of integrated pest management, and stronger regulatory frameworks to minimize pesticide risks while optimizing nutrient use. These results provide a scientific basis for sustainable soil management and long-term agricultural productivity.

Entomofauna Associated Tree Plantations in Gezira State, Sudan

Maha A. Abdellatif — 2026-02-15

Sudan has a diverse ecological zones, ranging from deserts and semi-deserts to low- and high-rainfall savannas, special forest types, montane forests, and coastal regions. Each of these zones supports a unique variety of fauna and flora, contributing to a broad spectrum of biodiversity. Plant-animal relationships play a critical role in preserving this biodiversity by forming intricate, interdependent networks essential for sustaining ecosystems. Plants provide food and habitats for animals, while animals help plants through pollination and seed dispersal. This mutual dependence ensures the balance of ecosystems, where the loss of one species can have significant repercussions on others. These interactions, including food webs and pollination processes, influence species evolution and are vital to maintaining ecological stability. Similarly, plant-insect relationships are fundamental to biodiversity as they drive processes like co-evolution, support interconnected food webs, and enable pollination. Greater plant diversity often promotes higher insect diversity and enhances pollination services. Several studies have assessed how various trees utilized in those systems influence the dynamics and population of insects. This study aimed to investigate the diversity of insects linked to tree plantations within the semi-arid ecosystem of Gezira State. The key objectives were to monitor ecological restoration efforts and emphasize the role of insects in maintaining ecosystem functionality. Additionally, it sought to explore the relationship between the diversity of plant and insect species and assess the different combinations of tree species within a semi-arid ecosystem across three This study aimed to assess the entomofauna assemblages associated with different combinations of tree species within a semi-arid ecosystem across three study sites in Gezira State: Bugassa (300 m elevation), Gessirab (418 m), and the Managil Plateau (425 m). At each site, the experimental setup employed a line transect design with three replicates. Tree species sampled in the study sites are Capparis decidua, and Maerua crassifolia in Bugassa Site. Gessirab site contains C. decidua, Balanites aegyptiaca, and Acacia seyal. Mangil plateau site features C. decidua, Acacia mellifera, B. aegyptiaca, and A. seyal. Insect sampling was carried out using the beating sheet method, and the collected specimens were sorted into the lowest feasible taxonomic groups for subsequent analysis. Results indicated that The Bugasa site features C.decidua and M. crassifolia, host Diptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, and Isoptera. The insect community of C. decidua remained stable regardless of the direction of the wind. M. crassifolia, on the other hand, exhibited higher insect diversity that changed with wind direction. At the Gessirab site, the insects gathered from C. decidua in forward wind conditions are Odonata, Hemiptera, and Diptera, whereas those in leeward conditions are Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. Insects in B. aegyptiaca in forward wind directions, including are Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, Lepidoptera, and Odonata, whereas in leeward directions are Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Odonata. In A. seyal is linked to Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, and Orthoptera, and insects in the Forward are Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Neuroptera. In the Mangil plateau site, insects associated with C. deciua in the forward wind direction are Diptera, Odonata, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, and Coleoptera. On Maerua crassifoila are Diptera, Odonata, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, and Coleoptera, in the forward, whereas in the Leeward are Diptera, Odonata, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera. Insects associated with A. mellifera in the forward wind direction is Lepidoptera, whereas in the leeward wind direction are Diptera and Hymenoptera. Insects on B. aegyptiaca are Diptera and Hymenoptera orders. Insects on A. seyal in the forward are Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Neuroptera. In the leeward wind direction, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera were collected. Statistical analysis results indicated significant differences in insect density between the three study sites (P=0.05). The Post-tests between sites confirm these significant variations between these sites. The overall effect of wind direction i.e. forward and leeward have insignificant difference on the encountered insect specimens. Pearson’s Chi-square test showed significant association between the tree species and the observed insect species (p <0.001). Simpson diversity index calculated for insects associated with the five tree species surveyed. It is noticed that the value of Simpson diversity index for insects collected from C. decidua is 0.63, and from M. crassifoila is 0.656, from B. aegyptiaca is 0.6101, from A. seyal is 0.47 and from A. mellifera is 0.039. These findings could be ascribed to habitat heterogeneity which favored specific insect proliferation and to insect -tree specific relationship. Further studies are needed to clarify more ecological insect - plant interrelationships.

The Neutronic-Radiological Transition: Atmospheric Fission Dynamics, BEC-Mediated Infrared Squeezing, and the CKIT Mitigation Framework - A Paper Written with Gemini

Florent Pirot — 2026-02-14

Current climatological models fail to account for the non-linear relationship between industrial CO2 output and high-latitude thermal surges. We propose a Radiological-Neutronic Model wherein "cold" CO2 emissions act as a primary neutron moderator, optimizing the capture cross-section for airborne Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs). This study identifies Iodine-131 as a critical thermal oscillator, whose short-lived beta- decay provides the mechanical energy for Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) formation and subsequent "Beta-Squeezing" of solar photons into infrared radiation. We define an "Optimal Squeeze" window (-18°C to -25°C) where infrared production is maximal, explaining Arctic amplification and the resilience of Ursus maritimus via the dissolution of macroscopic BEC inhibitors ("ice balls"). Furthermore, we identify the Anthropogenic Buoyancy-Fission Feedback (ABFF), where human waste heat lofts NORM fuel, creating a self-sustaining atmospheric reactor. To decouple this cycle, we propose the Cryogenic-KERS Integrated Transmission (CKIT) system. By harvesting thermal exhaust for integral mechanical work and releasing cryogenic CO2, CKIT induces "Squeezing Collapse" and NORM settling. This framework provides a superior pathway for the Global South, leveraging endothermic photosynthesis in tropical basins to neutralize radiological heat pulses and restore atmospheric stability by the 2040 horizon.

Intelligent Homicides of Six Thought Leaders: Forensic and Mathematical Analysis

Alen J Salerian — 2026-02-14

Introduction: In the last century several thought leaders died suddenly with official narratives attributing their deaths to accidents, suicides or homicides by mentally ill people. Surprisingly new information has revealed that several thought leaders were victims of “ intelligent homicide” sanctioned by governments. Objective: To identify signature traits of “intelligent homicide “. Method: We studied the Wikipedia and publicly accessible official narratives of death reports of James Forrestal ,Robert F Kennedy ,Martin Luther King, John Lennon, Stanley Kubrick and Princess Diana. We also reviewed publications challenging the official narratives and found x books and x forensic articles .We searched for common traits of intelligent homicide. Results: Forensic and mathematical data suggests, Forrestal, Kennedy, King, Lennon, Kubrick, Princess Diana were victims of “ intelligent homicide”: Discussion: Forrestal, Kennedy ,King ,Lennon, Princess Diana were victims of “intelligent homicide” marked by the following signature traits : A. Sudden death. B. Medical evidence incompatible with official narrative. C. Lost or falsified records or crime scene evidence. D. Sudden suspicious deaths of people who have crucial information. E. Killer or killers never faced justice. Conclusion: Forrestal, Kennedy ,King ,Lennon, Kubrick, Princess Diana were victims of “intelligent homicide”.

Genome Editing Targeting Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase Knock Out Gene Using CRISPR/CAS9 (pRGEB32-F3H) in Rice Plant Transformation

Danny Agus Dyanshah — 2026-01-10

Sakuranetin is a flavonoid compound predominantly produced by rice plants in response to biotic and abiotic stress. This compound can be induced through stress triggers such as UV radiation, jasmonic acid accumulation, and pathogen infection. Its biosynthesis originates from the precursor naringenin, catalyzed by the OsNOMT gene. However, naringenin can also be converted into dihydrokaempferol by the Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase (F3H) enzyme, affecting sakuranetin production. The conjugation of naringenin by F3H reduces the accumulation of sakuranetin, a phytoalexin crucial for plant stress resistance. Enhancing sakuranetin levels can be achieved by knocking out or silencing genes like F3H through CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, a transformative genetic engineering method inducing targeted gene mutations. This research focuses on designing sgRNA for the F3H gene to optimize sakuranetin production in rice. The methodology involves selecting F3H sgRNA targets, constructing target gene mutation plasmids, transforming plasmids into Agrobacterium, and subsequently infecting rice explants. The study yielded an F3H sgRNA sequence with 55% efficiency for insertion into the pRGEB32 plasmid. This plasmid was successfully transformed into Agrobacterium, verified by rifampicin and kanamycin antibiotic selection and PCR confirmation. Infected rice explants from the Koshihikari variety displayed positive responses, evidenced by the formation of planlets, signifying the success of the transformation process.

The Impact of Alpha-Emitting Nanoparticulates on Vocal Clarity and Free Speech as well as on Cognitive Clarity and Prayer - The "Shuriken Effect" and the Environmental Erosion of First Amendment Liberties (made with Gemini)

Florent Pirot — 2026-02-09

Background: Emerging theories in quantum biophysics (Pirot, 2021) suggest that "fertile" alpha emitters, such as Uranium-238 and various NORMs (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials), exist in an "antisqueezed" or "shuriken-shaped" quantum state. Unlike stable isotopes, these atoms possess a geometry that, when driven by solar photons or internal thermal energy, creates a mechanical "spin" within biological tissues. Mechanism of Interference: * Vocal Dynamics: When lodged in the larynx and vocal folds, these "spinning shuriken" atoms act as microscopic abrasives. This mechanical friction, combined with the formation of Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) at body temperature, induces a state of super-viscosity in mucus—a condition biologically analogous to Cystic Fibrosis. This "quantum braking" physically impairs the vibration of the vocal cords, rendering speech "obnoxious," raspy, or fatigued. * Neurological Impact: Through the "reverse magnet effect," these emitters translocate to the brain. The "shuriken spin" within neural lipid membranes creates "quantum noise" and mechanical micro-lesions. This process mimics dementia-related cognitive decline and disrupts the high-level neural coherence required for deep focus, meditation, and prayer. * Glandular Fixation: The thyroid gland acts as a primary sink for these isotopes. Chronic alpha-load in the thyroid causes inflammation that exerts pressure on the recurrent laryngeal nerve, further destabilizing vocal output. Epidemiological Correlation: Analysis of US health data (e.g., PMC2287178) reveals that states with high natural radioactivity and geological uranium deposits—specifically Maine, Nevada, and Wyoming—exhibit significantly higher rates of throat, oral, and thyroid-related pathologies. These geographic "hot zones" serve as a proxy for the systemic biophysical suppression of the population. Constitutional Implications: This research argues that environmental contamination from DU and NORMs constitutes a physical barrier to First Amendment rights. * Freedom of Speech: The physical degradation of the vocal apparatus by "shuriken" atoms acts as a form of biological censorship. * Freedom of Religion: The disruption of neural pathways by solar-driven atomic spin impedes the "Free Exercise" of religion by making the internal mental state required for prayer physically difficult to sustain. Conclusion: The presence of alpha-emitting nanoparticulates in air, dust, and tap water is not merely a public health crisis but a direct threat to Cognitive and Linguistic Liberty. Protecting clear speech and the right to prayer requires a rigorous environmental strategy to mitigate the "shuriken" alpha-load in the human biosphere.

In Silico Prediction of Bioactive Peptides from the Simulated Hydrolysis of a Wheat Gluten Protein

Diego Arturo Zavala Trejo — 2026-01-25

This study used bioinformatic tools to predict bioactive peptides derived from the high molecular weight DX5 subunit of wheat glutenin. Simulated hydrolysis with pepsin (pH > 2.0) was performed, and the resulting theoretical peptides were evaluated using PeptideRanker and ToxinPred 3.0 to assess bioactivity and toxicity. Among the generated fragments, ten showed a high probability of bioactivity (score ≥ 0.8), and four of them (IF, SF, WQ, and PG) were classified as non-toxic. These findings suggest their potential application in nutraceutical or therapeutic contexts. The in silico approach proves to be an effective and safe strategy for the preliminary identification of functional compounds, providing a foundation for further experimental validation.

Dosimetry Evaluation of Conventional Radiology Examinations in Adults in Benin

O. H. Fachinan — 2026-01-07

Introduction and objective: Exposure to ionizing radiation raises concerns regarding radiation protection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the entry dose of X-rays during conventional radiography examinations in adult patients in Benin. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted over an eleven-month period, from January to November 2025. The study was carried out in 34 healthcare facilities distributed across the national territory and equipped with functional conventional radiography units. Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) were defined as the 75th percentile of entry dose (ED) and Dose–Area Product (DAP) values for each type of examination. Results: Pulmonary diseases were the most frequently investigated conditions among adult patients, with 966 patients examined, representing 27.52% of all examination indications. Posteroanterior chest radiography accounted for 34.8% of the examinations performed. The national 75th centile values (DRLs) of the entry dose (mGy) by examination type were 0.70, 17.28, 2.35, and 3.63 for chest, lumbar spine, cervical spine, and skull radiography, respectively. The national 75th centile values (DRLs) of dose–area product (mGy·cm²) by examination type were 1,120, 25,592, 938, and 1,438 for chest, lumbar spine, cervical spine, and skull radiography, respectively. Conclusion: The doses delivered to patients during conventional radiography examinations in Benin were significantly higher than international standards. Therefore, it is necessary to implement a process of procedural harmonization and dose optimization based on the established diagnostic reference levels.

Maluku between Blessing and Curse; Exploitation of Block Masela Oil and Gas Mining Field and the Implication

Semuel Leunufna — 2026-02-11

The discovery and exploitation of Masela block, oil and gas mining field located at Arafura sea, part of “wallacea” biodiversity hot spot area, trigger hopes and concerns. This study evaluate the state of the art of preparation for Masela block exploitation and the implication on biodiversity, and indigenous community of Tanimbar Islands (-KTT) or Southeast West Maluku (- MTB) and Southwest Maluku (- MBD) Regencies. The methods implemented are of literature review, notes on audiences with decision or policy makers of central government of Indonesia, and previous field surveys and studies within the closest impact region, KKT and MBD Regencies. The exploitation of Masela block, everlasting mining of oil and gas field promises hopes for prosperity especially for local and indigenous communities, self sufficiency in energy provision and national economic development, reduction in carbon emission and leadership in mitigating global climate change for Indonesia. A number of challenges, however, may lead Masela block exploitation to be the second curse to Maluku people after Banda Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.), if not seriously taken into account.

Exploring the Impact of Bisphenol S on Lipid Storage, Behavior, and Neuronal Structure in Caenorhabditis elegans

Ekin Bozer — 2026-01-18

Bisphenol S (BPS) is a synthetic compound increasingly used as a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA) in consumer products. Despite its widespread use, growing evidence suggests that BPS may exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties similar to BPA. This study investigates the effects of BPS exposure on lipid storage, behavioral preference, and neuronal structure using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. Worms were exposed to increasing concentrations of BPS and evaluated using preference assays, lipid staining, and neuronal imaging. Results demonstrate dose-dependent alterations in behavior, increased lipid accumulation, and measurable changes in neuronal morphology, suggesting that BPS is not biologically inert.

Work Related Traumatic Dental Injuries, and their Detrimental Effects on Dentition and Oral Health

Marija Tomevska — 2026-01-14

Jobs that require physical labor for extended hours over a prolonged period, such as working in the construction industry, put workers at higher risk of experiencing occupational hazards. In addition to the intensity of the physical labor, these jobs may also expose workers to chemicals or harsh work environment such as working outdoors, exposure to weather and dust particles and high altitudes or underground. The effect on physical well-being has been studied and protective safety equipment such as helmets are mandated and enforced to protect against physical injury. However not many studies have investigated the effect on dentition and oral health. There is not much attention given to implementing protection against dental and oral trauma. Through clinical observation and review of literature review, construction workers are showing signs of chronic dental trauma resulting in advanced dental treatment needs. Work related traumatic dental injuries have resulted in specific pattern of fractured teeth, loss of tooth structure, dental infections, malocclusion, Temporomandibular joint dysfunction and edentulism. (1) Dental treatment of these conditions costly, requiring multiple dental visits and multispecialty collaboration often needing a full mouth rehabilitation to restore lost dental structure and altered facial dimensions. The purpose of this article is reviewing available literature using the various internet platforms such as PubMed and Google Scholars, to explore the different work conditions that can result in traumatic dental injuries, to highlight their detrimental effects on dentition and oral health and finally to propose implementing and a mandating protective appliance for workers.

Artificial Intelligence with a Focus on the Stem Disciplines

Marion G. Ben-Jacob — 2026-02-06

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a set of technological tools, computers and software, that is geared to make decisions like a human in a faster and more intelligent manner. This article illustrates the potential uses of AI employment emphasizing those which are particularly suited for the STEM disciplines. It broaches the potential benefits and detriments to student learning related to the implementation of its use. It addresses both institutional and student activities to promote beneficial applications of technology.