European Journal of Applied Sciences

Work Related Traumatic Dental Injuries, and their Detrimental Effects on Dentition and Oral Health

Marija Tomevska — 2026-01-14

Jobs that require physical labor for extended hours over a prolonged period, such as working in the construction industry, put workers at higher risk of experiencing occupational hazards. In addition to the intensity of the physical labor, these jobs may also expose workers to chemicals or harsh work environment such as working outdoors, exposure to weather and dust particles and high altitudes or underground. The effect on physical well-being has been studied and protective safety equipment such as helmets are mandated and enforced to protect against physical injury. However not many studies have investigated the effect on dentition and oral health. There is not much attention given to implementing protection against dental and oral trauma. Through clinical observation and review of literature review, construction workers are showing signs of chronic dental trauma resulting in advanced dental treatment needs. Work related traumatic dental injuries have resulted in specific pattern of fractured teeth, loss of tooth structure, dental infections, malocclusion, Temporomandibular joint dysfunction and edentulism. (1) Dental treatment of these conditions costly, requiring multiple dental visits and multispecialty collaboration often needing a full mouth rehabilitation to restore lost dental structure and altered facial dimensions. The purpose of this article is reviewing available literature using the various internet platforms such as PubMed and Google Scholars, to explore the different work conditions that can result in traumatic dental injuries, to highlight their detrimental effects on dentition and oral health and finally to propose implementing and a mandating protective appliance for workers.

Exploring the Impact of Bisphenol S on Lipid Storage, Behavior, and Neuronal Structure in Caenorhabditis elegans

Ekin Bozer — 2026-01-18

Bisphenol S (BPS) is a synthetic compound increasingly used as a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA) in consumer products. Despite its widespread use, growing evidence suggests that BPS may exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties similar to BPA. This study investigates the effects of BPS exposure on lipid storage, behavioral preference, and neuronal structure using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. Worms were exposed to increasing concentrations of BPS and evaluated using preference assays, lipid staining, and neuronal imaging. Results demonstrate dose-dependent alterations in behavior, increased lipid accumulation, and measurable changes in neuronal morphology, suggesting that BPS is not biologically inert.

Hydro-Climate Variability and Its Implications for Water Resource Sustainability in the Sahiwal Region of Pakistan

Sajjad Ahmad — 2026-01-11

Hydro-climatic variations pose significant risks to natural environment particularly water security and agri based activities in moderate-arid zones such as Sahiwal-Region, Pakistan. This main focus of this research study is to evaluate the impacts of climate change on rain fall patterns in Sahiwal region. For this task, ten years rainfall data (2014 –2023) was investigated and shifts in rainfall events over time were computed. Finally, this study outlines the critical implications for water resource management and propose climate-adaptive interventions. During the selected study period 92014-2023, the rainfall trends exhibited significant variations, ranging from 219 mm (2021, intense drought) to 625.62 mm (2015, extreme rainfall). Statistical analysis shows mean annual rainfall of 420.3 mm with a substantial fluctuation of 115.7 mm, indicating unpredictable shifts. The coefficient of variation approximately 29% further exhibits significant yearly variations. Regression modelling predicts a slight declined in raining for 2024 to 2028, though greater deviations remain. While expediting the rainfall patterns, it was observed that about 10% of years were considered as intense dry and 20% as intense wet, marking increased hydro-climatic risk. The tenure, 2017 to 2021 exhibited extended drought years while remaining years exhibited partial recovery. The shift in trends threaten groundwater recharge, prolonged water availability and crop productivity. This study analyzes raining trends from 2014- 2023 to assess their impacts on sustainability of water resource and climate resilience.

Optics-Butterfly-Phenomenon --- Double-slit, No-parallel-double-slit, Curve-double-slit, No-parallel-curve-double-slit

Hui Peng — 2026-01-14

In this article, to study the mystery, we extend: the single-slit to curve-single-slit, and double-slit to non-parallel-double-slit to curve-double-slit to non-parallel-curve-double-slit experiments. We show the phenomena that the slight differences in the structures/shapes of slits produce profound different patterns, referred to it as “Optics-Butterfly-phenomenon”. The “Optics-Butterfly-Phenomenon” is helpful for thoroughly understanding the interference/diffraction phenomena of the optics. It is challenge to interpret “Optics-Butterfly-Phenomenon”.

Was Thomas R. Baron a Victim of Intelligent Homicide?

Alen J Salerian — 2026-01-18

Introduction: Thomas Ronald Baron was a quality control and safety inspector for North American Aviation(NAA), the primary contractor to build the Apollo command module. After the Apollo 1 fire, Baron wrote a 275-page report on NASA safety protocol violations, which he gave to Rep. Olin E. Teague's investigation at Cape Kennedy in Florida, on April 21, 1967. Six days after his testimony, Baron was killed instantly, along with his wife and stepdaughter, when a train crashed into their car near their home in Mims, Florida. Objective: To determine whether Thomas R Baron was a victim of homicide? Method: To apply the probability theory to published data on Thomas R Baron’s death to project odds of certainty of “Thomas R Baron was a victim of homicide”. Results: Thomas R. Baron was killed by homicide with mathematical certainty of %99.999 with 21 independent observations consistent with “Thomas R Baron was a victim of homicide” and inconsistent with “Thomas R Baron was not a victim of homicide”. Discussion: Converging forensic medical and mathematical evidence suggests Thomas R Baron was a victim of an intelligent homicide. Sadly , Baron’s well engineered death would represent a tragic page in space race along with several other victims who were silenced to cover up the Apollo Moon Hoax . Thomas Baron’s homicide warrants a new investigation. Conclusion: Thomas R Baron was a victim of homicide”.

Photon’s Mass (m) is a Function (f) of its Energy(E): m = f (E) (A Possible New Postulate)

Antonio Puccini — 2026-01-11

Analyzing the numerous effects induced by electromagnetic radiations (EMRs), such as the photo-electric effect, or the Compton effect, in which the photon(P) behaves physically like a microscopic billiard pellet, with mechanical effects superimposable on those performed by massive particles, we suspect that the momentum(p) of P transports, with its motion, also a dynamic-mass, likely in the form of mass-energy density (however undetectable during motion: the Complementarity Principle prohibits it). Besides, as Pacini reminds us, ‘motion itself is mass’. Applying the de Broglie formula (p=h/λ) to the EMRs, it emerges that the momentum (p) of an optical P corresponds to 1.325∙10^-22 [g∙cm/s], i.e. values over 100,000 times greater than the rest mass of the electron. Planck itself expressed in erg∙sec, that is, in grams ∙cm²/s, the value of the well-known ‘natural constant’, h, which represents the physical, concrete, real heart, of the ‘quantum of EMR’, or Planck's grain: how to say P. Thus, the parameter h is indicated in grams, values therefore likely referable to a mass density, quantitatively invariant, even during motion, unlike energy, which instead varies with the wavelength (λ) of the P considered. This is what is correctly found in the work, comparing the values of the Ps momenta of different λ, thus confirming that the probable mass density conveyed by Ps is a function of their energies.

Effectiveness of Extrinsic Reward Management System on Employee Performance: A Case of Office of the Controller and Auditor General Zanzibar

Sharifa Khamis Fakih — 2026-01-07

This study examines the effectiveness of extrinsic rewards (bonuses, recognition awards and promotions) on employee performance in a case study of the Office of the Controller and Auditor General of Zanzibar (OCAGZ). The study uses primary data collected at the OCAGZ using a standard questionnaire distributed to employees in their respective departments accordingly. Linear regression analysis was applied to analyze data and fulfil the requirements of the research objectives which enabled to answer the respective research questions. The findings reveal that, promotion and bonus both have positive and statistically significant impact on employee’s performance. This means that the frequency of promotions and bonuses increases, so too does the organization's performance. However, the recognition award, has a positive but not statistically significant impact to the employee’s performance. Simply is to say that the coefficient for recognition is not statistical significantly different from zero, indicating it is not a significant predictor of performance. Therefore, the overall model suggests that both promotion and bonus significantly contribute to explaining variations in performance, with promotion having the largest effect. Recognition, however, does not appear to be a significant factor in this model. This suggests that OCAGZ should prioritize this aspect of extrinsic rewards when designing or revising Employee Incentive Programs.

Primordial Wormholes and their Traversability Constraints: In the Context of the Presence and Absence of Exotic Matter

Shawki Al Dallal — 2026-01-10

Wormholes, though never directly observed, arise as legitimate solutions to the field equations of general relativity. Early work by Patton and Wheeler introduced the concept of quantum foam, wherein the gravitational vacuum at the Planck scale consists of fluctuating microscopic geometries. Among these configurations, submicroscopic wormholes may naturally emerge, particularly in the extreme conditions of the early universe. Governed by the uncertainty principle, such wormholes are expected to be highly transient. However, it has been conjectured that quantum fluctuations could enable their gradual growth, allowing Planck-scale wormholes to expand to microscopic or even macroscopic sizes. During the inflationary epoch, this process might have produced an interconnected network of primordial wormholes. Classically, wormholes are unstable and rapidly collapse into singularities. To render them traversable, Kip Thorne and collaborators proposed the necessity of exotic matter, which counteracts gravitational collapse by violating the null energy condition through negative stress-energy density. While exotic matter is not observed macroscopically, quantum field theory permits negative energy densities and fluxes under strict constraints imposed by quantum inequalities. In this work, we present a comprehensive analysis of various theoretical models proposed to stabilize wormholes, assessing their consistency within the broader framework of quantum gravity and early-universe cosmology. We further investigate the potential role of antimatter and the implications of charge–parity–time (CPT) violation in both flat and curved spacetimes for wormhole dynamics. Additionally, alternative models of traversable wormholes that do not require exotic matter are discussed. Our aim is to evaluate the plausibility of traversable primordial wormholes and to elucidate their potential significance in shaping our understanding of the universe’s earliest stages.

Association of Codon 72 Polymorphism in Exon 4 of the TP53 Gene in Benign and Malignant Breast Tumors in Senegal

Hijeux Minte Cheikh Mohamed Malainy Samb — 2026-01-11

Background: The Arg72Pro (R72P) polymorphism of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene has been controversially associated with breast cancer risk, with significant variations depending on ethnic origin. Little data exists for West African populations. This study seeks to evaluate the distribution and association of the R72P polymorphism of exon 4 of the TP53 gene with benign and malignant breast tumors in the Senegalese population. Methodology: The study was conducted on 48 Senegalese women: 17 with breast cancer (malignant), 12 with benign tumors, and 19 healthy controls. The polymorphism was genotyped by PCR followed by restriction fragment analysis. Polymorphism and allelic diversity, as well as genetic differentiation parameters and correspondence factor analysis, were generated using Genetix software version 4.05.2 and Bayesian inference with STRUCTURE. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested using GenePop software version 4.3. Results: The analysis revealed a distinct allele distribution, with a predominant frequency of the C allele (Pro72) in controls (77.7%) and an increased frequency of the G allele (Arg72) in patients with tumors (25% malignant, 12.5% benign). Statistically, no significant association was found between genotypes and the risk of developing malignant or benign breast tumors. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium tests showed a significant imbalance in the patient populations, unlike in the controls. Finally, population genetic analyses (low F_ST differentiation indices, negligible genetic distances, and genetic structure in two clusters) indicated high genetic homogeneity between the three groups for this specific locus. Conclusion: Although differences in allele frequency were observed, the R72P polymorphism of TP53 is not an independent and significant risk factor for breast cancer in this Senegalese cohort. The high genetic homogeneity observed suggests that this variant alone is probably not a key determinant of breast pathology in this population. These results highlight the importance of local studies and the need for broader research incorporating other genetic and environmental factors.

On the Relationship between the Amplification of the NMR Spin Echo Signal and the Mobility of Domain Walls in Cobalt Micro- and Nanowires During Magnetization Reversal

G Mamniashvili — 2026-01-10

A comparative study of the amplification of the NMR two-pulse echo signal in polymer composites based on synthesized and commercial cobalt nano- and microwires during their magnetization reversal was carried out. For this purpose, the two-pulse NMR spin echo method was employed, incorporating an additional magnetic video pulse (MVP) in an external magnetic field. The echo signal enhancement effect in the case of synthesized microwires is much greater than that of commercial nanowires, which may be due to the lower pinning force of domain walls and their greater mobility in them. This information may be useful for improving the technology for manufacturing cobalt nano- and microwires for use in sensors, memory devices, and permanent magnets that do not contain rare-earth elements, as well as in other applications.

Analysis of Physicochemical Properties, Plant Nutrients, and Pesticide Residues in Soil Obtained from Pwani University Farm in Kilifi County, Kenya

George N. Kiraga — 2026-01-27

Soil health is central to sustainable agricultural productivity, yet intensive farming practices can introduce physicochemical imbalances and pesticide contamination that threaten environmental quality and food safety. This study evaluated the soil's physicochemical properties, plant nutrient levels, and pesticide residues across thirteen agricultural sites to assess the soil's quality and contamination status. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, moisture content, organic matter, organic carbon, and plant nutrients using standard protocols. Pesticide residues were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Statistical analyses were conducted using Microsoft Excel and R software, applying one way ANOVA to test for significant differences among sites and Principal Component Analysis to identify dominant factors influencing soil variability. Soil pH ranged from 6.87 to 7.96, while EC ranged from 254.91-1737.50µS/cm. Moisture content was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Significant spatial variation (p < 0.05) was observed for most other parameters, with macronutrients concentrations ranging widely (N: 16.20–1608.62 mg/kg; P: 7.92–28.08 mg/kg; K: 141.84–370.20 mg/kg). PCA revealed that the first four components explained 70.9% of the total variance. with soil fertility. Multiple pesticide residues were detected, with diazinon (0.03–486.82 ppb) and chlorfenvinphos occurring at notably high concentrations (4.13–624.86 ppb). Chlorpyrifos (0.104–5.94 ppb) was present at moderate levels. The findings emphasize the need for site-specific management strategies, adoption of integrated pest management, and stronger regulatory frameworks to minimize pesticide risks while optimizing nutrient use. These results provide a scientific basis for sustainable soil management and long-term agricultural productivity.

Genome Editing Targeting Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase Knock Out Gene Using CRISPR/CAS9 (pRGEB32-F3H) in Rice Plant Transformation

Danny Agus Dyanshah — 2026-01-10

Sakuranetin is a flavonoid compound predominantly produced by rice plants in response to biotic and abiotic stress. This compound can be induced through stress triggers such as UV radiation, jasmonic acid accumulation, and pathogen infection. Its biosynthesis originates from the precursor naringenin, catalyzed by the OsNOMT gene. However, naringenin can also be converted into dihydrokaempferol by the Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase (F3H) enzyme, affecting sakuranetin production. The conjugation of naringenin by F3H reduces the accumulation of sakuranetin, a phytoalexin crucial for plant stress resistance. Enhancing sakuranetin levels can be achieved by knocking out or silencing genes like F3H through CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, a transformative genetic engineering method inducing targeted gene mutations. This research focuses on designing sgRNA for the F3H gene to optimize sakuranetin production in rice. The methodology involves selecting F3H sgRNA targets, constructing target gene mutation plasmids, transforming plasmids into Agrobacterium, and subsequently infecting rice explants. The study yielded an F3H sgRNA sequence with 55% efficiency for insertion into the pRGEB32 plasmid. This plasmid was successfully transformed into Agrobacterium, verified by rifampicin and kanamycin antibiotic selection and PCR confirmation. Infected rice explants from the Koshihikari variety displayed positive responses, evidenced by the formation of planlets, signifying the success of the transformation process.

An Assessment of the Existence, Nature and Role of Current Internal Controls Being Applied at Lobels Bread, a Bread and Confectionary Manufacturer, Based in the Bulawayo Metropolitan Province in Zimbabwe

Kenneth Tavarwisa — 2026-01-27

The research investigates and evaluates the existence, nature and role of internal controls at Lobels Bread Private Limited, a company facing financial distress, with the aim of identifying areas of weakness and providing recommendations to avoid and prevent collapse using a descriptive survey research design. The study employed questionnaires and interviews as tools for data collection, targeting 40 employees selected using stratified random sampling technique. The questionnaire consisted of both open- ended and closed- ended questions, while in-depth interviews were conducted with key personnel including the Finance Manager and Internal Auditor. The study reveals that Lobels Bread has a partially implemented internal control system with some controls in place but lacking comprehensiveness and effectiveness. The company’s control environment is characterized by inadequate segregation of duties, lack of clear policies and procedures, and insufficient monitoring and review processes. The study also identifies significant weaknesses in the company’s internal controls, including inadequate accounting and financial reporting systems, poor inventory management and lack of effective risk management policies. The findings of the study indicate that the internal controls at Lobels bread are not effective in preventing financial distress, and that the company is at risk of collapse if the weaknesses are not addressed. The study provide practical recommendations for Lobels bread to improve its internal controls , including strengthening the control environment , improving accounting and financial reporting systems, enhancing inventory management and establishing effective risk management processes. The study contributes to the existing literature on controls and financial distress, and provides insights into the importance of effective internal controls in preventing financial distress. The findings of this study are relevant to companies facing financial distress and can be used to inform strategies for improving internal controls and preventing collapse.

Dosimetry Evaluation of Conventional Radiology Examinations in Adults in Benin

O. H. Fachinan — 2026-01-07

Introduction and objective: Exposure to ionizing radiation raises concerns regarding radiation protection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the entry dose of X-rays during conventional radiography examinations in adult patients in Benin. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted over an eleven-month period, from January to November 2025. The study was carried out in 34 healthcare facilities distributed across the national territory and equipped with functional conventional radiography units. Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) were defined as the 75th percentile of entry dose (ED) and Dose–Area Product (DAP) values for each type of examination. Results: Pulmonary diseases were the most frequently investigated conditions among adult patients, with 966 patients examined, representing 27.52% of all examination indications. Posteroanterior chest radiography accounted for 34.8% of the examinations performed. The national 75th centile values (DRLs) of the entry dose (mGy) by examination type were 0.70, 17.28, 2.35, and 3.63 for chest, lumbar spine, cervical spine, and skull radiography, respectively. The national 75th centile values (DRLs) of dose–area product (mGy·cm²) by examination type were 1,120, 25,592, 938, and 1,438 for chest, lumbar spine, cervical spine, and skull radiography, respectively. Conclusion: The doses delivered to patients during conventional radiography examinations in Benin were significantly higher than international standards. Therefore, it is necessary to implement a process of procedural harmonization and dose optimization based on the established diagnostic reference levels.

Improved Performance of Airfoils Through Vortex Generators Flow Control

Olanrewaju Miracle Oyewola — 2026-01-19

Commercial airliners are an irreplaceable aspect of modern society with 4.1 billion passengers per year on 37 million flights. Commercial flights are integral to not only passenger transportation but also to transportation of freight.[4] According to the Air Transport Action Group using air transportation significantly impacts the environment. In 2019, the global aviation industry accounted for 2.1% of all human carbon dioxide emissions and 12% of all transportation carbon dioxide emissions [5]. To increase the efficiency of commercial flights, optimizations can be made in subsonic or transonic regimes via flow control. In this work “Smart” Vortex generators, which only are active at low altitudes, were explored for subsonic flow using CFD. It is found that climbing performance is increased. In addition, while the plane's lift is triple, flow separations is reduced at a free stream velocity of 150 mph and at an angle of attack of 8. The overall result suggests the effectiveness of vortex generators as a flow control mechanism especially at a subsonic flow regime. It is however recommended that a combination of flow control strategies over a range of flow regimes will be of great advantage taking into consideration the gains from individual control mechanism.

Relax and Live Longer

Michael Gurevitz — 2026-01-07

Origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays

J. Marvin Herndon — 2026-01-07

Galaxies are prominent features as deep into the universe as astronomers can observe. Among the vast number of galaxies, there are only a few prominent morphologies, suggesting a commonality of formative conditions. Galaxies and the origin of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium are inexplicable within the current foundations of astrophysics which are based upon stellar ignition by gravitational collapse, galaxy formation from luminous stars, and abrogation of scientific standards. I have presented evidence for a fundamentally different understanding that began with the realization that thermonuclear reactions in stars, as in hydrogen bombs/devices, are ignited by nuclear fission chain reactions, and ultimately that dark stars in dark galaxies are ignited by nuclear matter jetted out from the galactic center. The luminous stars of galaxies are evidence of the paths of galactic jets that contacted and seeded dark stars with fissionable elements that ignited their thermonuclear fusion reactions. The nuclear matter of the galactic jets, I posited, is the principal origin and source of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The spherical assemblage of un-ignited dark stars maintains the dynamical stability of the pattern of luminous stars as required by the velocity dispersions and rotation curves evidenced by Vera C. Rubin. Observation of actinide elements in galactic cosmic rays connects their origin to galactic jets, whose nuclear matter forms actinide elements that sustain nuclear fission chain reactions which ignite thermonuclear fusion reactions thereby making galactic dark stars luminous. Presumably, the nuclear matter jetted from galactic centers is sufficiently energetic to account for the energy distributions observed in galactic cosmic rays. Cosmic rays can now be considered as samples from galactic jets. Theoretical investigations (not models) of nuclear matter condensation of elements from jetted galactic nuclear matter can be validated by comparison with solar/meteoritic abundance patterns, especially the odd atomic mass nuclides.

Origin and Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans

Lin-gun Liu — 2026-01-07

Both Venus and Mars most likely retain their proto-atmospheres with more than 95% CO₂ plus a few percent of N₂. The Earth is situated between the two; there is no compelling reason that the Earth’s proto-atmosphere should be any different from those of Venus and Mars. Thus, today’s Earth atmosphere is rather different from her proto-atmosphere. After completion of accretion, the magma ocean on the Earth surface started to solidify. Then a Mars-like impactor hit the Earth to form the Moon. The Moon-making giant impact also released a large quantity of supercritical H₂O from the magma ocean entrapped inside the Earth. The supercritical H₂O thus released would then quickly react with CO₂ in the proto-atmosphere to form a supercritical H₂O-CO₂ mixture. When the Earth’s surface cooled down to 450-300 ^oC, the dense supercritical H₂O-CO₂ mixture precipitated to form the Earth’s indigenous oceans which were hot soda supercritical H₂O. When the surface temperature further cooled down, the indigenous oceans expanded at the expense of CO₂ in the proto-atmosphere. The atmospheric pressure also decreased simultaneously. The removal of CO₂ from the proto-atmosphere was accelerated and then completed when the indigenous oceans reacted with the most abundant surface mineral plagioclase to form carbonates and clay minerals, leaving Na⁺ in the oceans. Once CO₂ in the proto-atmosphere was completely removed, N₂ naturally became the most abundant component in the Earth’s atmosphere as observed today. Some supercritical H₂O at high altitude would likely dissociate into O₂ and H₂. The latter would then escape to the outer-space and O₂ remained in the atmosphere. Alternatively, O₂ in the Earth’s atmosphere may be explained by the increase in photosynthetic organisms in the oceans, metabolizing carbon from CO₂ and releasing O₂ into the atmosphere.

GenAI Role in Redefining Learning and Skilling in Companies

I. Hamburg — 2026-01-13

Gen AI models are growing rapidly, changing job roles, and revolutionizing entire industries. Due to advances in technologies, particularly generative AI (GenAI), which also transform industrial processes, companies need to adopt a human-centric approach to corresponding implementation that empowers employees and supports clients. This should be done, i.e., through upskilling, reskilling, cross-skilling, and learning initiatives. GenAI and the future of work and education are strongly connected. GenAI supports learning and development by performing various tasks that influence creating and interacting with content, One problem within companies is the assessment and development of employees' skills, as traditional methods often fail to provide real-time feedback. GenAI supports skill assessment tools for continuous, granular evaluations of employees’ abilities. Through continuous learning, including lifelong learning, and fostering a culture of innovation, businesses can use the full potential of GenAI, ensuring growth, efficiency, and that employees are equipped with the technical skills needed to succeed in an AI-enhanced world. Using a suitable approach to skill development and a commitment to continuous learning within organizations, GenAI drives innovation, improves decision-making, and creates new growth opportunities. In this paper, we first outline some useful steps to realize the value of GenAI transformation and facilitate GenAI adoption in companies. Then, it is briefly explained how GenAI supports employees' development, offering a transformative approach to addressing challenges through learning, unlearning, and relearning, thereby maximizing the opportunities inherent in lifelong learning. Besides lifelong learning, the workforce should be prepared for these changes through skilling programs. In this context, different forms of skilling, like upskilling, reskilling, and cross-skilling, are presented. The results of this paper are based on a literature recherche, an analysis of individual tasks across different occupations, also done within Erasmus+ projects, and discussions with trainers/educators. In conclusion, with a suitable approach to skill development and a commitment to continuous learning within organizations, GenAI drives innovation, enhances decision-making, and creates new opportunities.

The Position of Homo sapiens in the Evolutionary Tree of Life Needs Re-assessment

Michael Gurevitz — 2026-01-07

Bioreaction of the Cells against the Stress Burden

J. Sasaki — 2026-01-18

Evolutionary Signature and Genetic Structure of Concatenated TP53-CYP17A1 Genes in Colorectal Cancer in Senegal

Anna Ndong — 2026-01-10

This study aims to characterize the mutational profiles of the TP53 and CYP17A1 genes in Senegalese patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) in order to better understand the local molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. The analysis included 24 patients with CRC and 24 healthy controls. The sequences of exon 4 of TP53 and the promoter region at exon 1 of CYP17A1 were concatenated, then subjected to genetic structuring, historical demography, and phylogenetic relationship analyses using DnaSP (v5.10), MEGA (v7.014), and Arlequin (v3.1). The results reveal significant genetic differentiation between cancerous and healthy tissues (F_ST = 0.113, p = 0.009), as well as greater genetic diversity within tumors. Neutrality tests (Tajima's D and Fu's FS) indicate recent demographic expansion in the tumor population, with an excess of rare variants. The multimodal distribution of mismatches and the haplotype network confirm this evolutionary dynamic, marked by the emergence of haplotypes specific to cancerous tissues. These data suggest that the accumulation of mutations in TP53 and CYP17A1 contributes to genetic heterogeneity and CRC progression in the Senegalese population, opening up prospects for targeted therapeutic approaches.

Deeper Mysteries of Double Slit Experiments --- 1D and 2D Non-Interference and Interference Patterns

Hui Peng — 2026-01-07

The normal double slit experiments (we refer to it as Straight-Parallel-double-slit) are basic experiments and Feynman’s mystery in the optics/quantum mechanics. In this article, we show the following new mysteries: the characteristics of the interference patterns of the optical slit experiments depend on whether the slits are straight-lines or curve-lines and whether two slits are parallel or non-parallel; and independent on whether there are missing segments at the intersection of, for example, cross-double-slit. We ignore the effects of both the width of the slits and the distance between two slits and then, show the following: there is no variable in Straight-Parallel-double-slit; Straight-Non-Parallel-double-slit has one variable, the angle between two slits; Curve-Parallel-double-slit has one variable, the curvature of the slits; Curve-Non-Parallel-double-slit has two variables, the angle and curvature, and the curvatures of two slits may be either the same or different. The characteristics of patterns depend on those variables. The complete and consistent interpretation is a challenge. The above experiments show deeper mysteries and would motivate further study of optics.

A Comparison of Specific Nonconjugated Conductive Polymers for Application as Protective Shields against Nuclear Radiation including Radioactive Iodine

Kirthana Govula — 2026-01-27

Nonconjugated conductive polymers have been shown to be uniquely suited to protective applications against nuclear radiation including radioactive iodine. In this report, we discuss comparative studies of four important nonconjugated conductive polymers for capturing iodine from air and water for the nuclear shielding applications. These four polymers include: cis-polyisoprene, trans-polyisoprene, poly(β-pinene) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). The studies discussed here included measurements of iodine uptakes (doping) over time, consequent increases in electrical conductivities and recorded color changes. In terms of capturing iodine or radioiodine from air and water, cis-polyisoprene has the highest efficiency (fastest), followed by SBR, trans-polyisoprene and poly(β-pinene). These differences arise from variations in molecular structure, chain packing, morphology, and availability of doping sites which impact diffusion dynamics in the formation of charge-transfer complexes. Stopping radioiodine (vapor phase) escaping from nuclear reactors and extracting radioiodine from contaminated water are both significant objectives which can be uniquely achieved by these nonconjugated conductive polymers. Nuclear reactors should be covered by such a polymer to protect against radioiodine emission / leakage to the outside.

Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Increase Rice Yield, and Water-Use Efficiency while Mitigating Methane Emissions from Synchronized Rice Systems

S. Das — 2026-01-07

A field experiment was conducted at a synchronized cropping area on a farmer's field in Nokla, Sherpur, Bangladesh using Boro rice (SL8H Super Hybrid), to identify effective water management practices for water saving, methane emission reduction, and sustainable yield. The experiment followed a Randomized Complete Block Design with two treatments and four replications. The treatments were as follows: T₁ = Irrigation with alternate wetting and drying (AWD), and T₂ = Non-AWD, which involved normal irrigation (farmer's practice) with continuous standing water in the field. The results showed that the AWD plot had a higher grain yield (6.61 t ha⁻¹) compared to the Non-AWD plot (5.83 t ha⁻¹), with a 13.4% increase in yield and a 16% reduction in irrigation water use. Moreover, cumulative methane (CH₄) emissions were higher under the Non-AWD treatment compared to the AWD treatment throughout the season. The AWD irrigation system reduced CH₄ emissions by 35%, likely due to intermittent aeration that makes the soil oxic, promoting the oxidation of CH₄ by methanotrophic microbes. This leads to a decrease in methane emissions. Thus, the implementation of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) in Boro rice cultivation proves to be an effective management strategy for reducing CH₄ production and emissions, contributing to more sustainable rice production.

The Biothermic Collapse: Radiological Interference in Forest Heat Sinks as a Driver of Global Thermal Anomalies (1990–2014) - A Paper Written with Gemini

Florent Pirot — 2026-01-25

Current climate models primarily attribute global temperature rises to the radiative forcing of greenhouse gases (CO2). However, these models often fail to explain rapid, decadal "step-ups" in global land-ocean temperatures that correlate geographically with major radiological events. This paper proposes a materialist framework: Global warming is a symptom of a disabled biosphere. We hypothesize that the aerosolization of alpha-emitting nanoparticulates—originating from Depleted Uranium (DU) ballasts in munitions and Natural Radionuclides (NORMs) in volcanic tephras—targets the Earth's primary cooling engine: terrestrial forests. Mechanism of Action: During periods of high evapotranspiration, forest canopies open their stomata to facilitate cooling. Atmospheric alpha emitters enter these pores, translocating into the chloroplasts where they bind to and inhibit Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). Recent in vivo studies confirm that transformed nanoparticles can reduce RuBisCO activity by a factor of three, effectively "shutting down" the endothermic sequestration of solar energy. Case Study Analysis: * The Balkan Pulse (1993–1999): The deployment of over 1,500 Tomahawk missiles (each containing ~20 kg of DU ballast [Gemini keeps with documentation from Eos LifeWorks but NATO indicates that indeed it is 500 kilograms per Tomahawk missile and that there is a confusion with Hellfire missiles, that incorporate 18-25 kilograms of DU each]) and thousands of 30mm DU rounds aerosolized an estimated 30–50 tons [in fact ~400 tons according to NATO] of alpha emitters. This pulse coincided with a measurable 1.1°C forest temperature anomaly in the Balkans, as the region’s endothermic capacity collapsed. * The 2008 Volcanic Pulse: The rhyolitic eruptions of Chaitén and Kasatochi deposited NORM-rich tephras over the Argentine Pampa and Canadian Boreal forests. The subsequent "browning" of these sinks preceded the 2014 global temperature record. Thermodynamic Proof: The "smoking gun" for this model is the shift in the Bowen Ratio (B), defined as: B = H / LE. Where H is Sensible Heat (warming) and LE is Latent Heat (cooling). Data from 1990–2014 show significant positive Bowen anomalies in affected forested regions, indicating a transition from biothermic cooling to atmospheric heating. Conclusion: When the Earth’s "radiators" (forests) are radiologically poisoned, the energy balance shifts. Solar radiation is no longer sequestered into biomass but is instead released as sensible heat, which is then trapped by atmospheric tephras and anthropogenic heat emissions (AHE). In this framework, CO_2 rise is identified as a secondary symptom of biomass failure, while the primary driver of warming is the radiological degradation of the Earth's thermodynamic heat sinks.

Theory of Everything: The Generation Model

Brian Albert Robson — 2026-01-10

The main purpose of this paper is to present the long history of the quest to understand both the composition and the structure of the Universe in terms of the nature of the building blocks of the constituent ordinary matter and the nature of the forces acting between these elementary particles. This quest is essentially to find a ‘Theory of Everything’, i.e. a single framework, which describes all the forces of the cosmos and their interactions between the elementary particles constituting the ordinary matter of the Universe. The long history of the above quest for a ‘Theory of Everything’ is discussed critically with regard to the merit of the essential contributions made towards the ‘Final Theory’. In particular, the negative aspects of each contribution, especially the dubious assumptions that caused the quest to fail to achieve an appropriate ‘Theory of Everything’ in terms of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics and the Standard Model of Cosmology (SMC) will be discussed in detail. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated that the development of an alternative model of particle physics, termed the Generation Model (GM), primarily to overcome many deficiencies of the SM, leads to a successful ‘Theory of Everything’.

In Silico Prediction of Bioactive Peptides from the Simulated Hydrolysis of a Wheat Gluten Protein

Diego Arturo Zavala Trejo — 2026-01-25

This study used bioinformatic tools to predict bioactive peptides derived from the high molecular weight DX5 subunit of wheat glutenin. Simulated hydrolysis with pepsin (pH > 2.0) was performed, and the resulting theoretical peptides were evaluated using PeptideRanker and ToxinPred 3.0 to assess bioactivity and toxicity. Among the generated fragments, ten showed a high probability of bioactivity (score ≥ 0.8), and four of them (IF, SF, WQ, and PG) were classified as non-toxic. These findings suggest their potential application in nutraceutical or therapeutic contexts. The in silico approach proves to be an effective and safe strategy for the preliminary identification of functional compounds, providing a foundation for further experimental validation.