The Effect of Selected Demographic Parameters on Intimacy, HIV risk perception and Self-efficacy among Ugandan and Tanzanian University Pre-Service Teachers.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.710.9236Keywords:
Intimacy, HIV risk Perception, Self-efficacy, Variation, University, Pre-service teachersAbstract
The study was conducted among university pre-service teachers pursuing Bachelor of Arts/Bachelor of Science with Education degree programmes, with the major aim of analysing the effect selected demographic attributes or parameters of gender, age and religion on intimacy, HIV risk perception and self-efficacy. A total of 557 respondents selected using systematic random sampling from both Makerere University School of Education (Uganda) and Dar es Salaam University College of Education (Tanzania) were studied and findings revealed that the variation intimacy among the two genders was not significant while the variation in HIV risk perception between the male and female pre-service teachers was significant. It was also observed that the variation in self-efficacy between the two genders was not significant. On the other hand, the, the variation in intimacy between the age cohorts under study was significant while that in HIV risk perception and self-efficacy for the different age groups was not significant. The variations in intimacy, HIV risk perception and self-efficacy between the several religions was found to be non-significant across all religions. The findings therefore point to the need for effective university policies that should incorporate life skills education, HIV workshops, behaviour change programmes, peer education and exemplary leadership.
References
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Carstensen, L.L & Charles, S.T. (1999). Emotion in the second half of life. Current directions in Psychological Science, 7, 144-149.
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Connolly, J. (1989). Social self-efficacy in adolescence: Relations with self-concept, social adjustment and mental health. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 21 (3), 258-269.
Dahl, R.E (2004). Adolescent brain development: A period of vulnerabilities and opportunities. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 1-22.
Dunkle, K.L., Jewkes, R.K., Brown, H.C., Gray, G.E., McIntyre, J.A & Harlow, S.D. (2004). Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa: Socio-economic status and HIV/AIDS. Demography, 45(2), 303-322.
Fallan, L & Opstad, L. (2016). Student self-efficacy and Gender-Personality Interactions. International Journal of Higher Education, 5, 3.
Foster-Clack, F.S & Blyth, D.A. (1987). Gender differences in perceived intimacy with different members of adolescents’ social networks. Sex Roles, 17, 689-718.
Ganapraka, G.C & Fonny, F.D. (2018). Religion on Psychological well-being and self-efficacy among secondary School students. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 8 (5), 38-45.
Hall, P.A., Holmquist, M., & Sherry, S.B. (2004). Risky adolescent sexual behaviour. A psychological perspective for primary care clinicians. Topics in advanced practice. Nursing e Journal, 4.
Hartfield, E & Rapson, R.L. (2008). Gender differences in Love and Intimacy: The Fantasy versus the Reality. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 5 (2), 15-26.
Helms, H.M., Crouter, A.C & McHale, S.M. (2003). Marital quality and Spouses’ marriage and work with close friends and each other. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 963-972.
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Johnson, R.J., MC Caul, K.D., & Klein, W.M. (2002). Risk involvement and risk perception among adolescents and young adults. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 25, 67-82.
Kanin, E.J., Davidson, K.D., & Scheck, S.R. (1970). A research note on male-female differentials in the experience of heterosexual love. Journal of Sex Research. 6, 64-72.
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Lammers, J., Wijnbergen, S.V & Willebrands, D. (2011). Gender Differences, HIV Risk Perception and Condom Use. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers, 11-051/2.
Lehler, E. (2004). Religion as a determinant of economic and demographic behaviour in the United States. Population and Development Review, 30, 707-726.
Lent, R & Hackett, G. (1987). Career self-efficacy: Empirical status and future directions. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 30, 347-383.
Lowndes, C.M., Alarly, M., Belle, M., Bosu, W.K., Kintin, D.F., Nnorom, J.K., Seck, K., Víctor-Ahu Chogo, J., & Wilson, D. (2008). Western Africa HIV/AIDS epidiomology and response synthesis: characteristics of the HIV epidemic and response in West Africa. Implications for prevention.
Macintyre, K., Rutenberg, N., Brown, L & Karim, A. (2003). Understanding perceptions of HIV risk among adolescents in Kwazulu-Natal. AIDS and Behaviour, 8, 237-250.
Marshall, T.C. (2008). Cultural differences in Intimacy: The influence of gender-role ideology and individualism-collectivism. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 25 (1), 143-168.
Napper, L.E., Fisher, D.G., & Reynolds, G.L. (2012). Development of the perceived risk of HIV scale. Journal of AIDS Beh. 16, 1075-1083.
Opstad, L & Fallan, L. (2010). Student performance in Principles of Economics: The importance of gender and personality. International Review of Economics Education, 9 (1), 76-92.
Regnerus, M.D. (2005). Talking about sex: religion and patterns of parent-child communication about sex and contraception. The Sociological Quarterly, 46, 79-105
Resi, H.T & Patrick, B.C. (1996). Attachment and Intimacy: Component processes. In E.T Higgins & A.W Kruglanski (Eds)Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles (pp 523-563). New York. Guilford.
Rodman, L.A & Glick, P. (2008). The social psychology of Gender. New York, Guilford Publications.
Royce, R.A., Sena, A.,Cates, W & Cohen, M.S. (1997). Sexual Transmission of HIV/AIDS. The New England Journal of Medicine. 336 (15).
Seely, J.A., Malamba, S.S., Nunn, A.J., Mulder, D.W., Kengeya-Kayondo, J.F & Barton, T.C. (1994). Socio-economic status, Gender and risk of HIV-1 Infection in a rural community in South West Uganda. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 8 (1), 78-89.
Shaw, S & El-Bassel, N. (2014). The influence of religion on sexual HIV risk. AIDS and Behaviour, 18.10.1007/s/0461-014-0714-2.
Smith, J.A., Mc Graw, S.A., Costa, L.A., & McKinlay, J.B. (1996). A self-efficacy scale for HIV risk behvaiours: development and evaluation. AIDS Educ. Prev. 8, 97-105
Sternberg, R. (1986). A Triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93, 119-130.
Sternberg, R. (1997). Construct validation of the Triangular Theory of Love. European Journal of Social Psychology. 27, 313-335.
Sumter, S.R., Valkenburg, P.M & Peter, J. (2013). Perceptions of love across the lifespan: Differences in Passion, Intimacy and Commitment. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 37 (5), 417-427.
Swope, K.J & Schmitt, P.M. (2006). The performance of Economics Graduates over the entire curriculum: the determinants of success. Journal of Economics Education, 37, 387-394.
Trinitapoli, J & Regnerus, M.D (2006). Religion and HIV risk behaviours among married men: Initial results from a study in rural sub-saharan Africa. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45 (4), 505-528.
Uecker, J.E (2008). Religion, Pledging, and the premarital sexual behaviour of married young adults. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 728-744.
UNAIDS (2008). Report on the Global AIDS epidemic. Geneva.
Vohs, K.D & Baumeister, R.F. (2004). Handbook of Closeness and Intimacy. Oxford. Blackwell.
Ziegert, A.J. (2000). The role of Personality temperament and student learning in principles of Economics: Further Evidence. Journal of Economics Education. 3 (4), 307-322.
Baumeister, R.F & Bratslavsky, E. (1999). Passion, Intimacy, and Time: Passionate love as a function of change in intimacy. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 49-67.
Baumeister, R.F., Wotman, S.R & Stillwell, A.M. (1993). Unrequited Love: On heartbreak, anger, guilt, scriptlessness, and humiliation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 377-394.
Bekomson, A.N &Agbo, N.B. (2019). Religious value orientation and self-efficacy among secondary school students in Cross River State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Educational Research, 18, 81-89.
Blumstein. P., & Schwartz, S.E. (1983). American Couples. New York. Simon & Schuster.
Blyth, D.A & Foster-Clark, F.S. (1987). Gender differences in perceived intimacy with different members of adolescents social networks. Sex Roles, 2, 689-719.
Carstensen, L.L & Charles, S.T. (1999). Emotion in the second half of life. Current directions in Psychological Science, 7, 144-149.
Christiano, K.C., Swatos, W.H & Kivisto, P (2002). Sociology of Religion: Contemporary developments. Walnut Creek. CA.
Cohen, L.L & Shortland, R.L. (1996). Timing of First Sexual Intercourse.
Connolly, J. (1989). Social self-efficacy in adolescence: Relations with self-concept, social adjustment and mental health. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 21 (3), 258-269.
Dahl, R.E (2004). Adolescent brain development: A period of vulnerabilities and opportunities. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 1-22.
Dunkle, K.L., Jewkes, R.K., Brown, H.C., Gray, G.E., McIntyre, J.A & Harlow, S.D. (2004). Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa: Socio-economic status and HIV/AIDS. Demography, 45(2), 303-322.
Fallan, L & Opstad, L. (2016). Student self-efficacy and Gender-Personality Interactions. International Journal of Higher Education, 5, 3.
Foster-Clack, F.S & Blyth, D.A. (1987). Gender differences in perceived intimacy with different members of adolescents’ social networks. Sex Roles, 17, 689-718.
Ganapraka, G.C & Fonny, F.D. (2018). Religion on Psychological well-being and self-efficacy among secondary School students. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 8 (5), 38-45.
Hall, P.A., Holmquist, M., & Sherry, S.B. (2004). Risky adolescent sexual behaviour. A psychological perspective for primary care clinicians. Topics in advanced practice. Nursing e Journal, 4.
Hartfield, E & Rapson, R.L. (2008). Gender differences in Love and Intimacy: The Fantasy versus the Reality. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 5 (2), 15-26.
Helms, H.M., Crouter, A.C & McHale, S.M. (2003). Marital quality and Spouses’ marriage and work with close friends and each other. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 963-972.
Huston, T.L., Surra, C.A., Fitzgerald, N.M & Cate, R.M. (1981). From courtship to marriage: mate selection as an interpersonal process. In S. Duck and R. Gilmour (Eds). Personal Relationships 2: Developing relationships (pp. 53-88). New York. Academic Press.
Johnson, R.J., MC Caul, K.D., & Klein, W.M. (2002). Risk involvement and risk perception among adolescents and young adults. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 25, 67-82.
Kanin, E.J., Davidson, K.D., & Scheck, S.R. (1970). A research note on male-female differentials in the experience of heterosexual love. Journal of Sex Research. 6, 64-72.
Kobusingye. L.K. (2017). The relationship between selected psycho social factors and the vulnerability to HIV infection among university teacher-trainees. Ph.D Thesis. University of Dar es Salaam. Dar es Salaam. Tanzania.
Lammers, J., Wijnbergen, S.V & Willebrands, D. (2011). Gender Differences, HIV Risk Perception and Condom Use. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers, 11-051/2.
Lehler, E. (2004). Religion as a determinant of economic and demographic behaviour in the United States. Population and Development Review, 30, 707-726.
Lent, R & Hackett, G. (1987). Career self-efficacy: Empirical status and future directions. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 30, 347-383.
Lowndes, C.M., Alarly, M., Belle, M., Bosu, W.K., Kintin, D.F., Nnorom, J.K., Seck, K., Víctor-Ahu Chogo, J., & Wilson, D. (2008). Western Africa HIV/AIDS epidiomology and response synthesis: characteristics of the HIV epidemic and response in West Africa. Implications for prevention.
Macintyre, K., Rutenberg, N., Brown, L & Karim, A. (2003). Understanding perceptions of HIV risk among adolescents in Kwazulu-Natal. AIDS and Behaviour, 8, 237-250.
Marshall, T.C. (2008). Cultural differences in Intimacy: The influence of gender-role ideology and individualism-collectivism. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 25 (1), 143-168.
Napper, L.E., Fisher, D.G., & Reynolds, G.L. (2012). Development of the perceived risk of HIV scale. Journal of AIDS Beh. 16, 1075-1083.
Opstad, L & Fallan, L. (2010). Student performance in Principles of Economics: The importance of gender and personality. International Review of Economics Education, 9 (1), 76-92.
Regnerus, M.D. (2005). Talking about sex: religion and patterns of parent-child communication about sex and contraception. The Sociological Quarterly, 46, 79-105
Resi, H.T & Patrick, B.C. (1996). Attachment and Intimacy: Component processes. In E.T Higgins & A.W Kruglanski (Eds)Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles (pp 523-563). New York. Guilford.
Rodman, L.A & Glick, P. (2008). The social psychology of Gender. New York, Guilford Publications.
Royce, R.A., Sena, A.,Cates, W & Cohen, M.S. (1997). Sexual Transmission of HIV/AIDS. The New England Journal of Medicine. 336 (15).
Seely, J.A., Malamba, S.S., Nunn, A.J., Mulder, D.W., Kengeya-Kayondo, J.F & Barton, T.C. (1994). Socio-economic status, Gender and risk of HIV-1 Infection in a rural community in South West Uganda. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 8 (1), 78-89.
Shaw, S & El-Bassel, N. (2014). The influence of religion on sexual HIV risk. AIDS and Behaviour, 18.10.1007/s/0461-014-0714-2.
Smith, J.A., Mc Graw, S.A., Costa, L.A., & McKinlay, J.B. (1996). A self-efficacy scale for HIV risk behvaiours: development and evaluation. AIDS Educ. Prev. 8, 97-105
Sternberg, R. (1986). A Triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93, 119-130.
Sternberg, R. (1997). Construct validation of the Triangular Theory of Love. European Journal of Social Psychology. 27, 313-335.
Sumter, S.R., Valkenburg, P.M & Peter, J. (2013). Perceptions of love across the lifespan: Differences in Passion, Intimacy and Commitment. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 37 (5), 417-427.
Swope, K.J & Schmitt, P.M. (2006). The performance of Economics Graduates over the entire curriculum: the determinants of success. Journal of Economics Education, 37, 387-394.
Trinitapoli, J & Regnerus, M.D (2006). Religion and HIV risk behaviours among married men: Initial results from a study in rural sub-saharan Africa. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 45 (4), 505-528.
Uecker, J.E (2008). Religion, Pledging, and the premarital sexual behaviour of married young adults. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 728-744.
UNAIDS (2008). Report on the Global AIDS epidemic. Geneva.
Vohs, K.D & Baumeister, R.F. (2004). Handbook of Closeness and Intimacy. Oxford. Blackwell.
Ziegert, A.J. (2000). The role of Personality temperament and student learning in principles of Economics: Further Evidence. Journal of Economics Education. 3 (4), 307-322.
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Published
2020-11-03
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Kobusingye, L. K., Makungu, B., & Namatende-Sakwa, L. (2020). The Effect of Selected Demographic Parameters on Intimacy, HIV risk perception and Self-efficacy among Ugandan and Tanzanian University Pre-Service Teachers. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(10), 413–423. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.710.9236
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