Suicide as a social dilemma: Evidence from Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.611.7447Keywords:
Suicide in Pakistan, social dilemma, suicideAbstract
Abstract
Suicide is one of the major causes of death around the globe. It has become sensitive and imperative anthropological, psychological and public health issue which need to be tackled. The present paper provides an overview of the growing literature on suicide or more commonly known as “attempted suicide or completed suicide”. Suicidal attempts (and /or completed suicides) are increasing in urban and rural areas of Pakistan such as Karachi, Ghizer, and Hunza. The exact reasons are indefinite. This paper focuses on existing literature 1) the concept of suicide; 2) analyzes the existing consensus/figures of suicide in Pakistan; 3) analyzes the main determinants; 4) risk factors of suicide; 5) analyzes the modes of suicide discussed in the existing literature on suicides in Pakistan; and 6) offers literature gap and limitations of the evidences. It has revealed that the exact factors of socio-cultural and economical determinants of suicide in rural and urban areas were investigated paradoxically due to lack of meticulous quantitative and qualitative research. Majority studies focused on suicide in women but not even a single study focused on underlying factors of suicide in men. Further methodical studies are suggested at the community level.
Keywords: evidence, Pakistan, social dilemma, suicide, women
References
References
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Adnan Liaqat, A. B. (2017). An Alarming Situation of Suicide Patterns and Methods Involved in Pakistan. American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. , 5(3), 37-39. doi:10.11648/j.ajpn.20170503.12
AGHE. (2006). Violence against women in northern areas of Pakistan. . In Seminar report: White ribbon day 2006., Association of Global Humanists and Ethics (AGHE) & Ghizer Rural Advancement Foundation (GRAF)., Ghizer District, Northern Areas.
Ahmad Saeed, M. Z. (2002). EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SUICIDE IN FAISALABAD. Journal of Ayud Medical College Abbotabad-pakistan, 14(4).
Ahmed Z, A. A. (2003). An audit of suicide in Karachi from 1995–2001. Ann Abbasi Shaheed Hosp., 8, 424–8.
Ahmed, S. H. (1981). Changing pattern of suicide and parasuicide in Karachi. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 31, 76–8.
APA. (2019, 09 23). American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/index: https://www.apa.org/topics/suicide/
Asif A, Y. F. (2016). Epidemiology of attempted suicides in emergency of Mayo Hospital in 2004. Ann King Ed Med Uni., 11.
Bibi Rahnuma, J. F. (2017). Causes of Suicide in Gilgit-Baltistan Region. EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH, 5(8), 4041-4051.
Chaleby, K. S. (1996). Issues in forensic psychiatry in Islamic jurisprudence. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry Law,, 24, 117–124.
Cheng, A. T. (2000). Psychosocial and psychiatric risk factors for suicide: case–control psychological autopsy study. . British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 360–5.
Critelli, F. M. (2012). Between Law and Custom: Women, Family Law and Marriage in Pakistan. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 43(5), 673-693.
Dad, A. A. (2014). Self, society and suicide in Gilgit. International the News.
De Munck, V. (1996). Love and marriage in a Sri Lankan Muslim community: toward a reevaluation of Dravidian marriage practices. American Ethnologist, 23, 698-716.
Desjarlis, R. E. (1995). World mental health: problems and priorities in low-income countries. New York: Oxford University Press, 68-86.
Dodani, S. &. (2000). Center-based prevalence of anxiety and depression in women of the northern areas of Pakistan. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 50, 138–140.
Ebrahim, Z. T. (2012). The alarming rise of teenage suicides in Pakistan. Published in Dawn News on Jun 08, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.dawn.com/news/724902/the-alarming-rise-of-teenage-suicides-in-pakistan
Eddleston, M. S. (1998). Deliberate self harm in Sri Lanka: an overlooked tragedy in the developing world. BMJ, 317, 133–5.
Farah Qadir, P. d. (2005). Marital satisfaction in Pakistan: A pilot investigation, . Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 20(2), 195-209. doi:10.1080/14681990500113260
Fikree, F. F. (1999). Domestic violence and health of Pakistani women. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 65, 195–201.
Ghaffar, A. H. (2001). Newspaper reports as a source of injury data in developing countries. Health Policy Planing, 16, 322–325.
Ghulam Shabir, S. M. (2015). The Causes and Prevention of Suicide Attempts in Southern Punjab Pakistan: The Normative Role of Media. Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, 1(1).
Giupponi, G. C. (2011). Suicide in ethnic and cultural minorities - a research on literature. Neuropsychiatrie: Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie and Rehabilitation, 25(2), 93-102.
Haider S, H. I. (2001). Deliberate self-harm. J Pak Med Sci., 17, 1–7.
Haider S, H. I. (2002). Deliberate self-poisoning (unemployment and debt). J Pak Med Sci., 18, 122–5.
Haider S, H. I. (2002). Suicidal Behavior (Parasuicide). Med Channel., 8, 9–12.
Health Net TPO Report. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.healthnettpo.org/en
Hendin.H. (2008). Religion and Suicide Prevention in Asia. World Health Organization.
HRCP. (2011). Retrieved from Human Rights Commission of Pakistan: http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/
Javed MA. (1996). Suicidal symptoms in depressed Pakistani patients. J Pak Med Assoc., 46, 69-70.
Khan MM, A. H. (2006). Suicides in the developing world: case study from Pakistan. . Suicide Life Threat Behav., 81, 26-76.
Khan MM, M. S. (2008). Case–control study of suicide in Karachi, Pakistan. Br J Psychiatry., 139, 402–5.
Khan MM, R. H. (1996.). Methods of deliberate self-harm in Pakistan. The Psychiatrist Bulletin., 20, 367–8.
Khan, M. (2000). The Pattern of Suicide in Pakistan. Crisis, 21(1).
Khan, M. M. (1998). Suicide and parasuicide in Pakistan. Journal of Crises International and Suicide Prevention, 19, 148–151.
Khan, M. M. (1998). Suicide and parasuicide in Pakistan: Time for a change? Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 48, 292–293.
Khan, M. M. (2003). Beyond rates: the tragedy of suicide in Pakistan. . Trop Doct., 33, 67–9.
Khan, M. M. (2009). Female Suicide Rates in Ghizer, Pakistan,. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39(2), 227-230.
Khokher S, K. M. (2005). Suicidal ideation in Pakistani college students. Crisis, 26, 125-7.
Khurram M, M. N. (2008). Short communication-deliberate self-poisoning: experience at a medical unit. J Pak Med Assoc., 58, 455.
Kumar, V. (2004). Poisoning deaths in married women. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 11, 2-5.
M. M. Khan & A. I. Mian. (2010). The one truly serious philosophical problem’: Ethical aspects of suicide. International Review of Psychiatry, 22(3), 288–293.
Malik S, R. P. (1999). Self-inflicted or homicidal cut throat: a retrospective study. Ann King Edward Med Uni., 5, 325.
Marsden, M. (2007). Love and Elopement in Northern Pakistan. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,, 13(1), 91-108.
Maselko, J. &. (2008). Why women attempt suicide: the role of mental illness and social disadvantage in a community cohort study in India. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62, 817-822. doi:10.1 136/jech.2007.06
Maureen, L. (1988). Beyond the North-West frontier: Travels in the Karakorum’s. Spark ford: Oxford Illustrated.
Mirza, I. &. (2004). Risk factors, prevalence, and treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders in Pakistan. Systematic review British Medical Journal, 328, 794–797.
Muhammad Osama, M. Y.-U. (2014). Suicidal ideation among medical students of Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 27, 65-68. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2014.08.006
Mumford, D. B. (1996). Stress and psychiatric disorder in the Hindu Kush: A community survey of mountain villages in Chitral, Pakistan. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 299–307.
Muneeba Shakil. (2019). A Qualitative Analysis of Suicides Committed by the Students in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical Research, 58(1), 35-40.
MZ., B. (2003). Suicidal deaths: assessment in Peshawar. . The Professional. .
N., P. (2014). Suicidal behaviors among youth in Pakistan and prevention. . J Pioneer Medi Sci . Retrieved from http://blogs.jpmsonline.com/2014/05/26/Suicidal-behaviors-among-youth-in-pakistan-and-prevention/
Phillips, M. L. (1999). Suicide and social change in China. Cult Med Psychiatry, 23, 25-50.
Phillips, M. R. (2002). Risk factors for suicide in China: a national case–control psychological autopsy study. Lancet, 360, 1728–36.
Pritchard, C. &. (2007). An analysis of suicide and undetermined (‘other violent deaths’) deaths in 17 predominantly ‘Islamic countries’ with the United Kingdom. Psychological Medicine, 37, 421–430.
Rabbani, F. &. (2000). The minds of mothers: maternal mental health in an urban squatter settlement of Karachi. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 50, 306–312.
Rasheed S, S. M. (2005). Relationship between suicidal ideation, social support and coping skills in female prisoners of a jail in Pakistan. J Pak Psych Soc (JPPS)., 2.
Rezaeian, M. (2009). Islam and suicide: a short personal communication. Omega (Westport), 58 (1), 77-85.
Saeed, A. B. (2002). Epidemiology of suicide in Faisalabad. Journal of Ayub Medical Collage Abbottabad, 14, 34–7. Retrieved from http://www.ayubmed.edu.pk/JAMC/PAST/14-4/Dilawar.htm
Sathar ZA, K. S. (2000). Pakistani couples: different productive and reproductive realities. . The Pakistan Development Review. , 891–912.
Shahid, M. I. (2015). Risk factors for deliberate self-harm in patients presenting to the emergency departments of Karachi. Journal of the College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan, 25(1), 50-5.
Shahid, M. K. (2009). Deliberate self-harm in the emergency department: experience from Karachi, Pakistan. Crisis, 30(2), 85-9. doi: 10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.85.
Shaikh JM, S. F. (2008). Management of acute organophosphorus insecticide poisoning: an experience at a university hospital. JLUMHS, 7, 96–101.
Sheikh, I. N. (2014). An Ethnographic Analysis of Death and Burial Customs in Kalash Community of Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 21(10), 1937-19.
Shekhani et al. (2018). Suicide and deliberate self-harm in Pakistan: a scoping review. BMC Psychiatry, 18(44), 13-15.
Sher, S. &. (2015). Ethnography of suicide: A tale of female suicides in district Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan. The Explorer Islamabad: Journal of Social Sciences,, 1(6), 207-210.
Shoaib S, N. M. (2016). Causes and outcome of suicidal cases presented to a medical ward. Ann King Ed Medic Uni., 7(11(1)).
Shoaib, S. N. (2005). Causes and outcome of suicidal cases presented to a medical ward. Ann KE Med College, 11, 30–2.
Sundar, M. (1999). Suicide in farmersi n India. .British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 585-6.
Syed EU, K. M. (2008). Pattern of deliberate self-harm in young people in Karachi, Pakistan. Crisis, 29, 159–63.
Tabassum R. (2017). Gender Inequality in Mental Health: A Review from the South Asian Context. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science , 16(2), 203-206.
Värnik, P. (2012). Suicide in the World. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 9, 760-771. doi:10.3390/ijerph9030760
Vijayakumar, L. J. (2005). Suicide in developing countries (2): risk factors. Crisis, 26, 112-9.
Vijayakumar, L. R. (1999). Are risk factors for suicide universal? A case-control study in India. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 99, 407–11.
WHO. (2019, 09 23). World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide
Ying-Yeh Chen, K. C.-C. (2012). Suicide in Asia: Opportunities and Challenges. Epidemiologic Reviews, 34(1), 129–144.
Zafar Ahmed, Q. N. (2016). TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF SUICIDE IN PEOPLE OF CHITRAL, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN. KMUJ , 8(2).
Zakiullah, N. S. (2008). Deliberate self-harm: characteristics of patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Crisis, 29(1), 32-7.
Aaron, R. J. (2004). Suicide in young people in rural southern India. Lancet, 363, 1117-8.
Adnan Liaqat, A. B. (2017). An Alarming Situation of Suicide Patterns and Methods Involved in Pakistan. American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. , 5(3), 37-39. doi:10.11648/j.ajpn.20170503.12
AGHE. (2006). Violence against women in northern areas of Pakistan. . In Seminar report: White ribbon day 2006., Association of Global Humanists and Ethics (AGHE) & Ghizer Rural Advancement Foundation (GRAF)., Ghizer District, Northern Areas.
Ahmad Saeed, M. Z. (2002). EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SUICIDE IN FAISALABAD. Journal of Ayud Medical College Abbotabad-pakistan, 14(4).
Ahmed Z, A. A. (2003). An audit of suicide in Karachi from 1995–2001. Ann Abbasi Shaheed Hosp., 8, 424–8.
Ahmed, S. H. (1981). Changing pattern of suicide and parasuicide in Karachi. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 31, 76–8.
APA. (2019, 09 23). American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/index: https://www.apa.org/topics/suicide/
Asif A, Y. F. (2016). Epidemiology of attempted suicides in emergency of Mayo Hospital in 2004. Ann King Ed Med Uni., 11.
Bibi Rahnuma, J. F. (2017). Causes of Suicide in Gilgit-Baltistan Region. EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH, 5(8), 4041-4051.
Chaleby, K. S. (1996). Issues in forensic psychiatry in Islamic jurisprudence. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry Law,, 24, 117–124.
Cheng, A. T. (2000). Psychosocial and psychiatric risk factors for suicide: case–control psychological autopsy study. . British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 360–5.
Critelli, F. M. (2012). Between Law and Custom: Women, Family Law and Marriage in Pakistan. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 43(5), 673-693.
Dad, A. A. (2014). Self, society and suicide in Gilgit. International the News.
De Munck, V. (1996). Love and marriage in a Sri Lankan Muslim community: toward a reevaluation of Dravidian marriage practices. American Ethnologist, 23, 698-716.
Desjarlis, R. E. (1995). World mental health: problems and priorities in low-income countries. New York: Oxford University Press, 68-86.
Dodani, S. &. (2000). Center-based prevalence of anxiety and depression in women of the northern areas of Pakistan. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 50, 138–140.
Ebrahim, Z. T. (2012). The alarming rise of teenage suicides in Pakistan. Published in Dawn News on Jun 08, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.dawn.com/news/724902/the-alarming-rise-of-teenage-suicides-in-pakistan
Eddleston, M. S. (1998). Deliberate self harm in Sri Lanka: an overlooked tragedy in the developing world. BMJ, 317, 133–5.
Farah Qadir, P. d. (2005). Marital satisfaction in Pakistan: A pilot investigation, . Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 20(2), 195-209. doi:10.1080/14681990500113260
Fikree, F. F. (1999). Domestic violence and health of Pakistani women. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 65, 195–201.
Ghaffar, A. H. (2001). Newspaper reports as a source of injury data in developing countries. Health Policy Planing, 16, 322–325.
Ghulam Shabir, S. M. (2015). The Causes and Prevention of Suicide Attempts in Southern Punjab Pakistan: The Normative Role of Media. Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, 1(1).
Giupponi, G. C. (2011). Suicide in ethnic and cultural minorities - a research on literature. Neuropsychiatrie: Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie and Rehabilitation, 25(2), 93-102.
Haider S, H. I. (2001). Deliberate self-harm. J Pak Med Sci., 17, 1–7.
Haider S, H. I. (2002). Deliberate self-poisoning (unemployment and debt). J Pak Med Sci., 18, 122–5.
Haider S, H. I. (2002). Suicidal Behavior (Parasuicide). Med Channel., 8, 9–12.
Health Net TPO Report. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.healthnettpo.org/en
Hendin.H. (2008). Religion and Suicide Prevention in Asia. World Health Organization.
HRCP. (2011). Retrieved from Human Rights Commission of Pakistan: http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/
Javed MA. (1996). Suicidal symptoms in depressed Pakistani patients. J Pak Med Assoc., 46, 69-70.
Khan MM, A. H. (2006). Suicides in the developing world: case study from Pakistan. . Suicide Life Threat Behav., 81, 26-76.
Khan MM, M. S. (2008). Case–control study of suicide in Karachi, Pakistan. Br J Psychiatry., 139, 402–5.
Khan MM, R. H. (1996.). Methods of deliberate self-harm in Pakistan. The Psychiatrist Bulletin., 20, 367–8.
Khan, M. (2000). The Pattern of Suicide in Pakistan. Crisis, 21(1).
Khan, M. M. (1998). Suicide and parasuicide in Pakistan. Journal of Crises International and Suicide Prevention, 19, 148–151.
Khan, M. M. (1998). Suicide and parasuicide in Pakistan: Time for a change? Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 48, 292–293.
Khan, M. M. (2003). Beyond rates: the tragedy of suicide in Pakistan. . Trop Doct., 33, 67–9.
Khan, M. M. (2009). Female Suicide Rates in Ghizer, Pakistan,. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39(2), 227-230.
Khokher S, K. M. (2005). Suicidal ideation in Pakistani college students. Crisis, 26, 125-7.
Khurram M, M. N. (2008). Short communication-deliberate self-poisoning: experience at a medical unit. J Pak Med Assoc., 58, 455.
Kumar, V. (2004). Poisoning deaths in married women. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 11, 2-5.
M. M. Khan & A. I. Mian. (2010). The one truly serious philosophical problem’: Ethical aspects of suicide. International Review of Psychiatry, 22(3), 288–293.
Malik S, R. P. (1999). Self-inflicted or homicidal cut throat: a retrospective study. Ann King Edward Med Uni., 5, 325.
Marsden, M. (2007). Love and Elopement in Northern Pakistan. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,, 13(1), 91-108.
Maselko, J. &. (2008). Why women attempt suicide: the role of mental illness and social disadvantage in a community cohort study in India. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62, 817-822. doi:10.1 136/jech.2007.06
Maureen, L. (1988). Beyond the North-West frontier: Travels in the Karakorum’s. Spark ford: Oxford Illustrated.
Mirza, I. &. (2004). Risk factors, prevalence, and treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders in Pakistan. Systematic review British Medical Journal, 328, 794–797.
Muhammad Osama, M. Y.-U. (2014). Suicidal ideation among medical students of Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 27, 65-68. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2014.08.006
Mumford, D. B. (1996). Stress and psychiatric disorder in the Hindu Kush: A community survey of mountain villages in Chitral, Pakistan. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 299–307.
Muneeba Shakil. (2019). A Qualitative Analysis of Suicides Committed by the Students in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical Research, 58(1), 35-40.
MZ., B. (2003). Suicidal deaths: assessment in Peshawar. . The Professional. .
N., P. (2014). Suicidal behaviors among youth in Pakistan and prevention. . J Pioneer Medi Sci . Retrieved from http://blogs.jpmsonline.com/2014/05/26/Suicidal-behaviors-among-youth-in-pakistan-and-prevention/
Phillips, M. L. (1999). Suicide and social change in China. Cult Med Psychiatry, 23, 25-50.
Phillips, M. R. (2002). Risk factors for suicide in China: a national case–control psychological autopsy study. Lancet, 360, 1728–36.
Pritchard, C. &. (2007). An analysis of suicide and undetermined (‘other violent deaths’) deaths in 17 predominantly ‘Islamic countries’ with the United Kingdom. Psychological Medicine, 37, 421–430.
Rabbani, F. &. (2000). The minds of mothers: maternal mental health in an urban squatter settlement of Karachi. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 50, 306–312.
Rasheed S, S. M. (2005). Relationship between suicidal ideation, social support and coping skills in female prisoners of a jail in Pakistan. J Pak Psych Soc (JPPS)., 2.
Rezaeian, M. (2009). Islam and suicide: a short personal communication. Omega (Westport), 58 (1), 77-85.
Saeed, A. B. (2002). Epidemiology of suicide in Faisalabad. Journal of Ayub Medical Collage Abbottabad, 14, 34–7. Retrieved from http://www.ayubmed.edu.pk/JAMC/PAST/14-4/Dilawar.htm
Sathar ZA, K. S. (2000). Pakistani couples: different productive and reproductive realities. . The Pakistan Development Review. , 891–912.
Shahid, M. I. (2015). Risk factors for deliberate self-harm in patients presenting to the emergency departments of Karachi. Journal of the College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan, 25(1), 50-5.
Shahid, M. K. (2009). Deliberate self-harm in the emergency department: experience from Karachi, Pakistan. Crisis, 30(2), 85-9. doi: 10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.85.
Shaikh JM, S. F. (2008). Management of acute organophosphorus insecticide poisoning: an experience at a university hospital. JLUMHS, 7, 96–101.
Sheikh, I. N. (2014). An Ethnographic Analysis of Death and Burial Customs in Kalash Community of Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 21(10), 1937-19.
Shekhani et al. (2018). Suicide and deliberate self-harm in Pakistan: a scoping review. BMC Psychiatry, 18(44), 13-15.
Sher, S. &. (2015). Ethnography of suicide: A tale of female suicides in district Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan. The Explorer Islamabad: Journal of Social Sciences,, 1(6), 207-210.
Shoaib S, N. M. (2016). Causes and outcome of suicidal cases presented to a medical ward. Ann King Ed Medic Uni., 7(11(1)).
Shoaib, S. N. (2005). Causes and outcome of suicidal cases presented to a medical ward. Ann KE Med College, 11, 30–2.
Sundar, M. (1999). Suicide in farmersi n India. .British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 585-6.
Syed EU, K. M. (2008). Pattern of deliberate self-harm in young people in Karachi, Pakistan. Crisis, 29, 159–63.
Tabassum R. (2017). Gender Inequality in Mental Health: A Review from the South Asian Context. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science , 16(2), 203-206.
Värnik, P. (2012). Suicide in the World. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 9, 760-771. doi:10.3390/ijerph9030760
Vijayakumar, L. J. (2005). Suicide in developing countries (2): risk factors. Crisis, 26, 112-9.
Vijayakumar, L. R. (1999). Are risk factors for suicide universal? A case-control study in India. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 99, 407–11.
WHO. (2019, 09 23). World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide
Ying-Yeh Chen, K. C.-C. (2012). Suicide in Asia: Opportunities and Challenges. Epidemiologic Reviews, 34(1), 129–144.
Zafar Ahmed, Q. N. (2016). TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF SUICIDE IN PEOPLE OF CHITRAL, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN. KMUJ , 8(2).
Zakiullah, N. S. (2008). Deliberate self-harm: characteristics of patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Crisis, 29(1), 32-7.
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2019-12-03
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Ahmed, Z., Bhati, I., & Kausar, R. (2019). Suicide as a social dilemma: Evidence from Pakistan. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(11), 418–429. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.611.7447
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