Positive coping with retirement among retired teachers in Makueni County
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.610.6665Keywords:
Retiree, Retirement, Pension, Coping, Engagement, Activities, Social, Economic, LeisureAbstract
ABSTRACT
This paper is based on an ongoing PhD study, it looks at the adaptive ways that retired teachers in Makueni County applied in adjusting to their retirement. Retirement is a period that has been associated with a myriad of problems ranging from physical, psychological to socio-economic ones. A number of researches in Kenya have focused on the challenges of retirement however limited studies have examined how retirees contend with retirement. This study sought to find out how retired teachers in Makueni County were adjusting in their retirement in spite of the challenges associated with this period. The study was guided by the following theories: Social Construction Theory by Berger (1966), Disengagement Theory by Cumming and Henry (1961) and Life Cycle Perspective by Elder Jr (1960).The research sample consisted of 249 respondents (173 males and 76 females) who were selected through purposive and snow ball sampling techniques. Moreover, questionnaires, face to face interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Qualitative data was thematically coded and analysed through content narrative analysis while Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) was used in getting simple tables. The research concludes that retirement is a time of freedom when retirees can invest their time, wealth and energy constructively in ways that bring prosperity to themselves and the society. The study recommends that employers need to continually train workers in preparation for retirement, and pension should be paid in time.
References
REFERENCE
Crossman, A. (2019) Disengagement Theory: An Overview and Critique, New York, USA: Thought Co, Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/disengagement-theory-3026258
Ejionueme L. K., Ugwoke S. C., Etonyeaku E. A. C.&Anyanwu J. I. (2012). Principals’ Perception of Coping Strategies for Retirement in Enugu State., US-China Education Review, 3(2), 997-1001.
Government of Makueni (2018) County Annual Progress Report, 2018, Wote, Kenya: Department of Finance & Socioeconomic Planning, County Government of Makueni.
Hutchison, E.D. (2011) A Life Course Perspective: Chapter One from Dimensions of Human Behaviour- The Changing Life Course, Thousand Oaks, California, USA: Sage Publications.
Kleiber, D.A. and Linde, B.D. (2014) The Case for Leisure Education in Preparation for Retirement Transition, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, Vol.32, Number 1, pp.111-128.
Kleiber, D.A. (2012) Leisure Activities in Later Life, Athens, Greece: University of Georgia. Milligan, K.S. & Wise, D.A (2011) Lives with Fewer Safety Nets, NBER Working Paper No. JEL No. H3, H5, J1, J2, Retrieved From:
https://www.nber.org/papers/w14647.pdf
Milligan, K.S. & Wise, D.A (2011) Lives with Fewer Safety Nets, NBER Working Paper No. JEL No. H3, H5, J1, J2, Retrieved From:
https://www.nber.org/papers/w14647.pdf
Milne, D. (2013) The Psychology of Retirement: Coping with the Transition from Work, Hoboken, United States: John Wiley & Sons.
Mwangangi M, Mutie M, Mango J. (2012) Summary of Baseline Household Survey Results: Makueni, Kenya, Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
Oparanma, A.O. (2011) Challenges of Nigerian Civil Servants Retirees, Journal of Management and Society. Vol 1 (3), 30-32.
Osborne, J. W. (2012). Psychological Effects of the Transition to Retirement, Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy. 46.(2) Pp 1-13.
Raichura, S. K. (2008). Analytical Review of the Pension System in Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya: NSSF Publications
Smith, D. B., & Moen, P. (2004). Retirement Satisfaction for Retirees and Their Spouses: Do Gender and The Retirement Decision-Making Process Matter? Journal of Family Issues, 25, 262–285.
Taylor, P. and Earl, C. (2015) Making a Case for Older Workers, Management Review, Volume 27, No. 1-2, pp14-28, ISSN-0935-9915.
Tirindi, C.K. (2013) Aging and Retirement in Kenya: Focus on Aging and Retired Teachers Under the Teacher Service Commission, Nairobi, Kenya: Kenyatta University.
TSC- Teachers Service Commission-Kenya (2014) Code of Conduct and Ethics Arrangement of Regulations, Available at: https://www.kenyaschoolforintegratedmedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Code-of-Regulations-for-Teachers
Wallace, R., & Wolf, A. (2006). Contemporary Sociological Theory: Expanding the Classical Tradition, London, United Kingdom: Pearson.
Wang, M., & Shi, J. (2014) Psychological Research on Retirement, Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 209-233.
Wang, M. (2013) The Oxford Handbook of Retirement, Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Wang, M., Henkens, K., & van Solinge, H. (2011) Retirement Adjustment, The American Psychologist: Review of Theoretical and Empirical Advancements, Vol 3(2). p 6-16
Were, M. (2009) The Concept of Retirement Age, Nairobi, Kenya: Retirement Benefits Authority
Zelinski, E.J. (2013) How to Retire Happy, Wild, and Free, Essex, United Kingdom: Vision International Publishing.
REFERENCE
Crossman, A. (2019) Disengagement Theory: An Overview and Critique, New York, USA: Thought Co, Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/disengagement-theory-3026258
Ejionueme L. K., Ugwoke S. C., Etonyeaku E. A. C.&Anyanwu J. I. (2012). Principals’ Perception of Coping Strategies for Retirement in Enugu State., US-China Education Review, 3(2), 997-1001.
Government of Makueni (2018) County Annual Progress Report, 2018, Wote, Kenya: Department of Finance & Socioeconomic Planning, County Government of Makueni.
Hutchison, E.D. (2011) A Life Course Perspective: Chapter One from Dimensions of Human Behaviour- The Changing Life Course, Thousand Oaks, California, USA: Sage Publications.
Kleiber, D.A. and Linde, B.D. (2014) The Case for Leisure Education in Preparation for Retirement Transition, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, Vol.32, Number 1, pp.111-128.
Kleiber, D.A. (2012) Leisure Activities in Later Life, Athens, Greece: University of Georgia. Milligan, K.S. & Wise, D.A (2011) Lives with Fewer Safety Nets, NBER Working Paper No. JEL No. H3, H5, J1, J2, Retrieved From:
https://www.nber.org/papers/w14647.pdf
Milligan, K.S. & Wise, D.A (2011) Lives with Fewer Safety Nets, NBER Working Paper No. JEL No. H3, H5, J1, J2, Retrieved From:
https://www.nber.org/papers/w14647.pdf
Milne, D. (2013) The Psychology of Retirement: Coping with the Transition from Work, Hoboken, United States: John Wiley & Sons.
Mwangangi M, Mutie M, Mango J. (2012) Summary of Baseline Household Survey Results: Makueni, Kenya, Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
Oparanma, A.O. (2011) Challenges of Nigerian Civil Servants Retirees, Journal of Management and Society. Vol 1 (3), 30-32.
Osborne, J. W. (2012). Psychological Effects of the Transition to Retirement, Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy. 46.(2) Pp 1-13.
Raichura, S. K. (2008). Analytical Review of the Pension System in Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya: NSSF Publications
Smith, D. B., & Moen, P. (2004). Retirement Satisfaction for Retirees and Their Spouses: Do Gender and The Retirement Decision-Making Process Matter? Journal of Family Issues, 25, 262–285.
Taylor, P. and Earl, C. (2015) Making a Case for Older Workers, Management Review, Volume 27, No. 1-2, pp14-28, ISSN-0935-9915.
Tirindi, C.K. (2013) Aging and Retirement in Kenya: Focus on Aging and Retired Teachers Under the Teacher Service Commission, Nairobi, Kenya: Kenyatta University.
TSC- Teachers Service Commission-Kenya (2014) Code of Conduct and Ethics Arrangement of Regulations, Available at: https://www.kenyaschoolforintegratedmedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Code-of-Regulations-for-Teachers
Wallace, R., & Wolf, A. (2006). Contemporary Sociological Theory: Expanding the Classical Tradition, London, United Kingdom: Pearson.
Wang, M., & Shi, J. (2014) Psychological Research on Retirement, Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 209-233.
Wang, M. (2013) The Oxford Handbook of Retirement, Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Wang, M., Henkens, K., & van Solinge, H. (2011) Retirement Adjustment, The American Psychologist: Review of Theoretical and Empirical Advancements, Vol 3(2). p 6-16
Were, M. (2009) The Concept of Retirement Age, Nairobi, Kenya: Retirement Benefits Authority
Zelinski, E.J. (2013) How to Retire Happy, Wild, and Free, Essex, United Kingdom: Vision International Publishing.
REFERENCE
Crossman, A. (2019) Disengagement Theory: An Overview and Critique, New York, USA: Thought Co, Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/disengagement-theory-3026258
Ejionueme L. K., Ugwoke S. C., Etonyeaku E. A. C.&Anyanwu J. I. (2012). Principals’ Perception of Coping Strategies for Retirement in Enugu State., US-China Education Review, 3(2), 997-1001.
Government of Makueni (2018) County Annual Progress Report, 2018, Wote, Kenya: Department of Finance & Socioeconomic Planning, County Government of Makueni.
Hutchison, E.D. (2011) A Life Course Perspective: Chapter One from Dimensions of Human Behaviour- The Changing Life Course, Thousand Oaks, California, USA: Sage Publications.
Kleiber, D.A. and Linde, B.D. (2014) The Case for Leisure Education in Preparation for Retirement Transition, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, Vol.32, Number 1, pp.111-128.
Kleiber, D.A. (2012) Leisure Activities in Later Life, Athens, Greece: University of Georgia. Milligan, K.S. & Wise, D.A (2011) Lives with Fewer Safety Nets, NBER Working Paper No. JEL No. H3, H5, J1, J2, Retrieved From:
https://www.nber.org/papers/w14647.pdf
Milligan, K.S. & Wise, D.A (2011) Lives with Fewer Safety Nets, NBER Working Paper No. JEL No. H3, H5, J1, J2, Retrieved From:
https://www.nber.org/papers/w14647.pdf
Milne, D. (2013) The Psychology of Retirement: Coping with the Transition from Work, Hoboken, United States: John Wiley & Sons.
Mwangangi M, Mutie M, Mango J. (2012) Summary of Baseline Household Survey Results: Makueni, Kenya, Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
Oparanma, A.O. (2011) Challenges of Nigerian Civil Servants Retirees, Journal of Management and Society. Vol 1 (3), 30-32.
Osborne, J. W. (2012). Psychological Effects of the Transition to Retirement, Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy. 46.(2) Pp 1-13.
Raichura, S. K. (2008). Analytical Review of the Pension System in Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya: NSSF Publications
Smith, D. B., & Moen, P. (2004). Retirement Satisfaction for Retirees and Their Spouses: Do Gender and The Retirement Decision-Making Process Matter? Journal of Family Issues, 25, 262–285.
Taylor, P. and Earl, C. (2015) Making a Case for Older Workers, Management Review, Volume 27, No. 1-2, pp14-28, ISSN-0935-9915.
Tirindi, C.K. (2013) Aging and Retirement in Kenya: Focus on Aging and Retired Teachers Under the Teacher Service Commission, Nairobi, Kenya: Kenyatta University.
TSC- Teachers Service Commission-Kenya (2014) Code of Conduct and Ethics Arrangement of Regulations, Available at: https://www.kenyaschoolforintegratedmedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Code-of-Regulations-for-Teachers
Wallace, R., & Wolf, A. (2006). Contemporary Sociological Theory: Expanding the Classical Tradition, London, United Kingdom: Pearson.
Wang, M., & Shi, J. (2014) Psychological Research on Retirement, Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 209-233.
Wang, M. (2013) The Oxford Handbook of Retirement, Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Wang, M., Henkens, K., & van Solinge, H. (2011) Retirement Adjustment, The American Psychologist: Review of Theoretical and Empirical Advancements, Vol 3(2). p 6-16
Were, M. (2009) The Concept of Retirement Age, Nairobi, Kenya: Retirement Benefits Authority
Zelinski, E.J. (2013) How to Retire Happy, Wild, and Free, Essex, United Kingdom: Vision International Publishing.
Crossman, A. (2019) Disengagement Theory: An Overview and Critique, New York, USA: Thought Co, Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/disengagement-theory-3026258
Ejionueme L. K., Ugwoke S. C., Etonyeaku E. A. C.&Anyanwu J. I. (2012). Principals’ Perception of Coping Strategies for Retirement in Enugu State., US-China Education Review, 3(2), 997-1001.
Government of Makueni (2018) County Annual Progress Report, 2018, Wote, Kenya: Department of Finance & Socioeconomic Planning, County Government of Makueni.
Hutchison, E.D. (2011) A Life Course Perspective: Chapter One from Dimensions of Human Behaviour- The Changing Life Course, Thousand Oaks, California, USA: Sage Publications.
Kleiber, D.A. and Linde, B.D. (2014) The Case for Leisure Education in Preparation for Retirement Transition, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, Vol.32, Number 1, pp.111-128.
Kleiber, D.A. (2012) Leisure Activities in Later Life, Athens, Greece: University of Georgia. Milligan, K.S. & Wise, D.A (2011) Lives with Fewer Safety Nets, NBER Working Paper No. JEL No. H3, H5, J1, J2, Retrieved From:
https://www.nber.org/papers/w14647.pdf
Milligan, K.S. & Wise, D.A (2011) Lives with Fewer Safety Nets, NBER Working Paper No. JEL No. H3, H5, J1, J2, Retrieved From:
https://www.nber.org/papers/w14647.pdf
Milne, D. (2013) The Psychology of Retirement: Coping with the Transition from Work, Hoboken, United States: John Wiley & Sons.
Mwangangi M, Mutie M, Mango J. (2012) Summary of Baseline Household Survey Results: Makueni, Kenya, Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
Oparanma, A.O. (2011) Challenges of Nigerian Civil Servants Retirees, Journal of Management and Society. Vol 1 (3), 30-32.
Osborne, J. W. (2012). Psychological Effects of the Transition to Retirement, Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy. 46.(2) Pp 1-13.
Raichura, S. K. (2008). Analytical Review of the Pension System in Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya: NSSF Publications
Smith, D. B., & Moen, P. (2004). Retirement Satisfaction for Retirees and Their Spouses: Do Gender and The Retirement Decision-Making Process Matter? Journal of Family Issues, 25, 262–285.
Taylor, P. and Earl, C. (2015) Making a Case for Older Workers, Management Review, Volume 27, No. 1-2, pp14-28, ISSN-0935-9915.
Tirindi, C.K. (2013) Aging and Retirement in Kenya: Focus on Aging and Retired Teachers Under the Teacher Service Commission, Nairobi, Kenya: Kenyatta University.
TSC- Teachers Service Commission-Kenya (2014) Code of Conduct and Ethics Arrangement of Regulations, Available at: https://www.kenyaschoolforintegratedmedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Code-of-Regulations-for-Teachers
Wallace, R., & Wolf, A. (2006). Contemporary Sociological Theory: Expanding the Classical Tradition, London, United Kingdom: Pearson.
Wang, M., & Shi, J. (2014) Psychological Research on Retirement, Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 209-233.
Wang, M. (2013) The Oxford Handbook of Retirement, Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Wang, M., Henkens, K., & van Solinge, H. (2011) Retirement Adjustment, The American Psychologist: Review of Theoretical and Empirical Advancements, Vol 3(2). p 6-16
Were, M. (2009) The Concept of Retirement Age, Nairobi, Kenya: Retirement Benefits Authority
Zelinski, E.J. (2013) How to Retire Happy, Wild, and Free, Essex, United Kingdom: Vision International Publishing.
REFERENCE
Crossman, A. (2019) Disengagement Theory: An Overview and Critique, New York, USA: Thought Co, Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/disengagement-theory-3026258
Ejionueme L. K., Ugwoke S. C., Etonyeaku E. A. C.&Anyanwu J. I. (2012). Principals’ Perception of Coping Strategies for Retirement in Enugu State., US-China Education Review, 3(2), 997-1001.
Government of Makueni (2018) County Annual Progress Report, 2018, Wote, Kenya: Department of Finance & Socioeconomic Planning, County Government of Makueni.
Hutchison, E.D. (2011) A Life Course Perspective: Chapter One from Dimensions of Human Behaviour- The Changing Life Course, Thousand Oaks, California, USA: Sage Publications.
Kleiber, D.A. and Linde, B.D. (2014) The Case for Leisure Education in Preparation for Retirement Transition, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, Vol.32, Number 1, pp.111-128.
Kleiber, D.A. (2012) Leisure Activities in Later Life, Athens, Greece: University of Georgia. Milligan, K.S. & Wise, D.A (2011) Lives with Fewer Safety Nets, NBER Working Paper No. JEL No. H3, H5, J1, J2, Retrieved From:
https://www.nber.org/papers/w14647.pdf
Milligan, K.S. & Wise, D.A (2011) Lives with Fewer Safety Nets, NBER Working Paper No. JEL No. H3, H5, J1, J2, Retrieved From:
https://www.nber.org/papers/w14647.pdf
Milne, D. (2013) The Psychology of Retirement: Coping with the Transition from Work, Hoboken, United States: John Wiley & Sons.
Mwangangi M, Mutie M, Mango J. (2012) Summary of Baseline Household Survey Results: Makueni, Kenya, Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
Oparanma, A.O. (2011) Challenges of Nigerian Civil Servants Retirees, Journal of Management and Society. Vol 1 (3), 30-32.
Osborne, J. W. (2012). Psychological Effects of the Transition to Retirement, Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy. 46.(2) Pp 1-13.
Raichura, S. K. (2008). Analytical Review of the Pension System in Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya: NSSF Publications
Smith, D. B., & Moen, P. (2004). Retirement Satisfaction for Retirees and Their Spouses: Do Gender and The Retirement Decision-Making Process Matter? Journal of Family Issues, 25, 262–285.
Taylor, P. and Earl, C. (2015) Making a Case for Older Workers, Management Review, Volume 27, No. 1-2, pp14-28, ISSN-0935-9915.
Tirindi, C.K. (2013) Aging and Retirement in Kenya: Focus on Aging and Retired Teachers Under the Teacher Service Commission, Nairobi, Kenya: Kenyatta University.
TSC- Teachers Service Commission-Kenya (2014) Code of Conduct and Ethics Arrangement of Regulations, Available at: https://www.kenyaschoolforintegratedmedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Code-of-Regulations-for-Teachers
Wallace, R., & Wolf, A. (2006). Contemporary Sociological Theory: Expanding the Classical Tradition, London, United Kingdom: Pearson.
Wang, M., & Shi, J. (2014) Psychological Research on Retirement, Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 209-233.
Wang, M. (2013) The Oxford Handbook of Retirement, Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Wang, M., Henkens, K., & van Solinge, H. (2011) Retirement Adjustment, The American Psychologist: Review of Theoretical and Empirical Advancements, Vol 3(2). p 6-16
Were, M. (2009) The Concept of Retirement Age, Nairobi, Kenya: Retirement Benefits Authority
Zelinski, E.J. (2013) How to Retire Happy, Wild, and Free, Essex, United Kingdom: Vision International Publishing.
REFERENCE
Crossman, A. (2019) Disengagement Theory: An Overview and Critique, New York, USA: Thought Co, Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/disengagement-theory-3026258
Ejionueme L. K., Ugwoke S. C., Etonyeaku E. A. C.&Anyanwu J. I. (2012). Principals’ Perception of Coping Strategies for Retirement in Enugu State., US-China Education Review, 3(2), 997-1001.
Government of Makueni (2018) County Annual Progress Report, 2018, Wote, Kenya: Department of Finance & Socioeconomic Planning, County Government of Makueni.
Hutchison, E.D. (2011) A Life Course Perspective: Chapter One from Dimensions of Human Behaviour- The Changing Life Course, Thousand Oaks, California, USA: Sage Publications.
Kleiber, D.A. and Linde, B.D. (2014) The Case for Leisure Education in Preparation for Retirement Transition, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, Vol.32, Number 1, pp.111-128.
Kleiber, D.A. (2012) Leisure Activities in Later Life, Athens, Greece: University of Georgia. Milligan, K.S. & Wise, D.A (2011) Lives with Fewer Safety Nets, NBER Working Paper No. JEL No. H3, H5, J1, J2, Retrieved From:
https://www.nber.org/papers/w14647.pdf
Milligan, K.S. & Wise, D.A (2011) Lives with Fewer Safety Nets, NBER Working Paper No. JEL No. H3, H5, J1, J2, Retrieved From:
https://www.nber.org/papers/w14647.pdf
Milne, D. (2013) The Psychology of Retirement: Coping with the Transition from Work, Hoboken, United States: John Wiley & Sons.
Mwangangi M, Mutie M, Mango J. (2012) Summary of Baseline Household Survey Results: Makueni, Kenya, Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS).
Oparanma, A.O. (2011) Challenges of Nigerian Civil Servants Retirees, Journal of Management and Society. Vol 1 (3), 30-32.
Osborne, J. W. (2012). Psychological Effects of the Transition to Retirement, Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy. 46.(2) Pp 1-13.
Raichura, S. K. (2008). Analytical Review of the Pension System in Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya: NSSF Publications
Smith, D. B., & Moen, P. (2004). Retirement Satisfaction for Retirees and Their Spouses: Do Gender and The Retirement Decision-Making Process Matter? Journal of Family Issues, 25, 262–285.
Taylor, P. and Earl, C. (2015) Making a Case for Older Workers, Management Review, Volume 27, No. 1-2, pp14-28, ISSN-0935-9915.
Tirindi, C.K. (2013) Aging and Retirement in Kenya: Focus on Aging and Retired Teachers Under the Teacher Service Commission, Nairobi, Kenya: Kenyatta University.
TSC- Teachers Service Commission-Kenya (2014) Code of Conduct and Ethics Arrangement of Regulations, Available at: https://www.kenyaschoolforintegratedmedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Code-of-Regulations-for-Teachers
Wallace, R., & Wolf, A. (2006). Contemporary Sociological Theory: Expanding the Classical Tradition, London, United Kingdom: Pearson.
Wang, M., & Shi, J. (2014) Psychological Research on Retirement, Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 209-233.
Wang, M. (2013) The Oxford Handbook of Retirement, Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Wang, M., Henkens, K., & van Solinge, H. (2011) Retirement Adjustment, The American Psychologist: Review of Theoretical and Empirical Advancements, Vol 3(2). p 6-16
Were, M. (2009) The Concept of Retirement Age, Nairobi, Kenya: Retirement Benefits Authority
Zelinski, E.J. (2013) How to Retire Happy, Wild, and Free, Essex, United Kingdom: Vision International Publishing.
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Published
2019-10-29
How to Cite
Musila, A. K. (2019). Positive coping with retirement among retired teachers in Makueni County. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 6(9), 386–396. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.610.6665
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