Electron Orbiting Patterns and Associated Molecular Formation

Abstract

In the independent-particle model, the nucleus of an atom consists of nucleons moving about the center of mass in certain orbits. With this, molecular formation is described by principles of quantum mechanics and the behavior of electrons in relation to their nuclei. A lot of time has been spent on the measurement of angular momentum of nuclear states than on the measurement of any other parameter of nuclear physics.¹ However, these associated concepts leave a lot of holes when trying to explain molecular formation. Basically, molecules are formed through covalent and ionic bonding. In covalent bonding, atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. Ionic bonding involves holding atoms together by an electrostatic force. The general belief is that molecules are formed because the resulting arrangements are more stable than the original atoms, and that stability is achieved when the outermost electron shells are full. However, there is no clear explanation as to how the electrons move and how shell filling creates a stable state. This article attempts to clarify these questions by deviating away from the independent-particle model and assuming a symmetrical orthogonal arrangement of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Using this arrangement, an electron orbiting model is developed whereby orbiting patterns group elements in accordance with the Periodic Table. This theory is further strengthened when it is found that molecular formation is directly related to magnetic fields produced by orbiting electrons, thus, leading to covalent and ionic bonding. This changes the fundamental way of looking at the nuclear model.