Page 1 of 5
Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences - Vol. 12, No. 6
Publication Date: December 25, 2024
DOI:10.14738/dafs.126.17934.
Flores, D. A. (2024). Peptide and Oligosaccharide Nutraceutical Feeding in the Upper Rumen Stomach and Lower GI Tract in Livestock:
A Commentary. Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences, 12(6). 72-76.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Peptide and Oligosaccharide Nutraceutical Feeding in the Upper
Rumen Stomach and Lower GI Tract in Livestock: A Commentary
D. A. Flores
Skye Blue (SB) Internet, 1440 Barberry Drive,
Port Coquitlam, British Columbia Canada V3B 1G3
ABSTRACT
Nutraceuticals can affect transactions immunologically for health and
endocrinologically for production and reproduction, specifically, referring to
bioactive peptidomemics and saccharomemics in disease resistance and
immunlogical balance. The nutraceuticals: Vit D2/D3, fructans and WSCs, PUFAs,
alpha-lactoferrin and polysaccharides can affect SCI and as indicated by blood
biomarkers. The functional amino acids (FAAs): histidine (HIS), arginine (ARG),
lysine (LYS) and leucine (LEU) can affect lean body mass (LBM) accretion and milk
production with bovine growth hormone (bGH)/bovine growth-releasing hormone
(bGRH) and prolactin. The two prebiotic nutraceuticals referred to can be applied
to “designer” oligomers from enriched seed proteins and polysaccharides to
improve feed nutritive value (NV). High non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) and water- soluble carbohydrate (WSC) grasses can also provide higher-end energy forages.
There are, thus, proteinogenic approaches that can be used for supplemental
feeding. It is suggested that lower quality residual feedstocks can be converted to
food-feed applications and can involve pretreating of fibrous carbohydrates (FC)
and NFC, conversion to natural sugars and sweeteners, and “shuffling”
copolymerization. Applications can be made to fishmeal for production and health.
Slowed reaction enzymes (SRE) can be used with so-called osmolytic resins to study
behaviour of pre-formed amino acids (PFAAs) in the rumen milieu to fit rumen
protein solubility with use of inhibitors to both plant and microbial proteases,
modulating as a result the MCP and “escape” protein flows to the lower GI tract.
Clean tech can produce seed-derived proteins using “bulk” cell culturing (processed
and unprocessed) and extracted/enriched yeast culturing. There is a need to verify
the prebiotic binding receptors in the small intestines (SI) (e. g. gut-associated
lymphoid tissues, GALT, and as speculated the SI’s jejunum).
Key words: proteinergic, rumen stomach, lower GI tract, peptides, Oligosaccharides,
nutraceuticals, livestock production.
INTRODUCTION
Metabolically, nutraceuticals fed can affect transactions for digestion for productive function in
the rumen stomach and the animal’s lower GI tract immunologically to fight disease,
maintaining immunological balance and health and leading endocrinologically to further
stimulate productive and reproductive functions.
To follow is the discussion specifically of nutraceuticals, in particular, peptidomemics and
saccharomemics, that is, the bioactive peptides and oligosaccharides, respectively, unique but
Page 2 of 5
73
Flores, D. A. (2024). Peptide and Oligosaccharide Nutraceutical Feeding in the Upper Rumen Stomach and Lower GI Tract in Livestock: A
Commentary. Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences, 12(6). 72-76.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/dafs.126.17934
not modified in amino acid (AA) residues in their structures of interest in ligand-receptor
binding to substrates.
IMMUNOLOGICAL AND ENDOCRINOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
The following aspects are involved with nutraceuticals and the whole GIT as an immune organ:
1) immunity, viz. adaptive immunity, for disease resistance and for gut health, and 2) immune
balance and maintenance of its health status and involving the condition of the systemic chronic
inflammatory (SCI) response from nutraceutical-SCI interactions.
There is an added dimension with immune function, gut health and further systemically and
that is with new conjectures regards nutritional and health benefits from nutraceuticals such
as: a) Vitamin D2/D3, b) fructans amongst the other WSCs, c) omega-3 fatty acids or
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), d) alpha-lactoferrin from milk, and e) polysaccharides
from algae. They can have far-reaching physiological effects in regards the SCI condition as
assessed by immuno biomarkers from blood plasma. FAAs as: HIS, ARG, LYS and LEU can have
production benefits from increased hormonal levels, for e. g., bGH/bGRH and prolactin for LBM
accretion and milk production.
TWO MAJOR NUTRACEUTICALS FOR THE UPPER TRACT RUMEN STOMACH
There are two possible major nutraceutical factors of significance proposed for the
improvement with rumen gut performance:
Peptidomemic Prebiotics
Amongst topics with new lower-yielding forage feeding regimens, the author presents here the
so-called Protein-Energy Theory of rumen digestion which could involve prebiotic agents to
microbial digestion with proteins, peptides and amino acids and polysaccharides,
oligosaccharides and sugars. Practical application to this theory are proposed for the
manufacture commercially of “designer” or “bioactive” peptides and oligosaccharides and
enriching feeding regimens, for e. g., from extracted or enriched seed sourced proteins of
exceptionally high nutritional quality to increase feed nutritive value (NV), cf. the latter for
nitrogen status in regards to LBM accretion or lactation, intake with increased N status and
energy balance regulation, less physical limitations to rumen and whole tract digestibility, and
the overall productive output from the animal, for further commercialization with R&D. It
should be added also that there are non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) fractions in addition to
WSCs from grass-type forages for higher-end energy nutrition. These nutritional features are
part of the proteinergic mechanism to be employed for supplemental functional feeding of
ruminants including both classes of small and large animals.
Saccharomemic Prebiotics
Recent developments for the Protein-Energy Theory (Flores, 2024) for rumen gut digestion
with the hypothetical saccharomemic prebiotics are with polysaccharides, both FC and NFC and
WSC for energy to support maintenance and productive and reproductive functions such as for
beef production and lactation for dairy. There are also other possible matters in lower gut
digestion where there could be digestive endproduct-gut interactions for various
immunological, endrocrinological and nutritional effects by such classes of prebiotic agents.
Page 3 of 5
74
Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences (DAFS) Vol 12, Issue 6, December- 2024
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
FUNCTIONAL SEED PROTEINS AND CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTS WITH LOWER- QUALITY FEEDS
It is recommended to consider replacing food-feed competing resources or feedstuffs (e. g.
cereals, whole fish, vegetable oils and pulses) with potential circular food system byproducts
and residues and it is therefore suggested that there is a need for use of upcycled feeds to
expand on global food supply be to be used with animal feeding (V. Sandstrom et al., 2022).
As pretreatment and value-added processing proceeds with these classes of feed resources
there is a need to consider in farming and industry supplemental feeding that is both
functionally and economically competitive such as oilseed supplements (e. g. canola and
sunflower) for further manufacturing.
Two stages prior to full commercialization scale-up for production is predicted for this type of
industrial activity. There would be pilot-plant testing for products of business partners or
collaborators to provide commercial services including consultancy for analytical testing and
eventual set-up for their commercial operations. And another semi-works facility towards
company-owned production processing to start development of manufacturing.
Future R&D would involve:
1. Further exploratory characterization of potential seed sources and their proteins (e. g.
cereals or grains as in canola).
2. The consideration of seed anatomy of seed proteins from their plant biology.
3. Technology to boost production of specific proteins by non-GMO direct-applied (DA) for
gene-based regulatory organismal (GRO) cropping for field and Clean tech bioreactor
applications.
4. Extraction and purification of bioactively valuable peptides and other nutritional
proteins in bulk and also specific oligosaccharides and their complex carbohydrates yet
to be further researched and identified.
5. Bioinformatics research for proteins and gastroenterological studies with intestinal
digestion and bioassays as to their functionality and quality to develop direct-applied
(DA) technologies in the field and with biofermentation.
6. The following components for commercial, or at this stage, pilot-scale extraction and
purification process development of plant protein substrates include: aqueous protein
extraction, clarification and separation (e. g. cold pressing of oilseeds), membrane
filtration-microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis (MF. UF, NF,
and RO), solid/liquid and liquid/liquid separation, drying (heat treatment, spraying and
freeze-drying) and end process blending and upscaled value-added ingredient isolation.
USE OF LOWER-QUALITY RESIDUAL FEEDS FOR FOOD-FEED
Lower-quality Feeds or Feed Crop Residual (FCR) Conversion to Food-Feed
a) Pretreatments of FC and NFC to remove lignocellulose components. Enzymatic:
lignocellulases- including lacasses, proteases. Chemical: H2SO4, HCl, NaOH and NH3.
Physical: milling and steam explosion (SE) of fibrous substrates.
b) Separation of carbohydrates and sugars: washing, filtration, drying of the raw
substrate and enzymic conversion and separative precipitation using enzyme-