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Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences - Vol. 11, No. 3
Publication Date: June 25, 2023
DOI:10.14738/dafs.113.14786.
Emuh, F. N., Achoja, F. O., & Obodaya, O. (2023). Perception of Rural Farmers on Impact of Economic Tree Crops on Environmental
Sustainability in Delta State, Nigeria. Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences, 11(3). 52-62.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Perception of Rural Farmers on Impact of Economic Tree Crops
on Environmental Sustainability in Delta State, Nigeria
Emuh, Fidelis Nduka
Department of Agronomy,
Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
Achoja, Felix Odemero
ORCID: 0000-0002- 9705-4923
Department of Agricultural Economics,
Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
Obodaya, Oghenesarome
Department of Agricultural Economics,
Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The Government of Nigeria has engaged in tree planting campaign at both
community and national scale due to its environmental benefits and mitigation of
climate change hazards. The perception of indigenous people on the environmental
benefits could influence their actions. It is important to clarify the existing body of
knowledge on the perception of indigenous people on the environmental benefits
of economic tree crops. This study empirically investigated the perception of rural
farmers with respect to the impact of economic tree crops on environmental
sustainability. Primary data collected from randomly selected 150 farmers, were
analyzed using descriptive statistical tools (i.e. mean, percentage, frequency
distribution table) and inferential statistics (logistic regression and chi- square).The test of hypothesis indicated no significant difference in the perception
of respondents with respect to the impact of economic tree crops on environmental
sustainability (i.e. farming households expressed homogenous opinion on the
environmental impact of economic trees. We have sufficient evidence to conclude
that indigenous people positively perceived tree crops as important panacea for
environmental sustainability and would continue to plant and keep trees in the
environment. It was recommended that climate mitigation policies target of
Nigeria, should be based on the perception of farmers towards trees planting in
order to achieve the set goal of environmental sustainability.
Keywords: perception, rural farmers, impact, tree crops, environmental sustainability
INTRODUCTION
Economic trees are permanent crops that are capable of being exploited for up to 25-35 years.
They are normal features of communities in Delta State, Nigeria. Natural rubber tree provides
employment and source of income for a good number of rural populations and is very relevant
in poverty reduction (Achoja, 2013). Oil palm also serves as a source of livelihood, income and
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Emuh, F. N., Achoja, F. O., & Obodaya, O. (2023). Perception of Rural Farmers on Impact of Economic Tree Crops on Environmental Sustainability in
Delta State, Nigeria. Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences, 11(3). 52-62.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/dafs.113.14786
food for many rural families and processor (Oladipo, 2008). Domestically, the others have
commanded increased demand and supply from consumers and producers respectively. The
bulk of the tree fruits hawked by fruit sellers in the markets are from the rural areas, indicating
widespread awareness of the economic potentials of tree crops among rural people (Chukwuji,
et al 2001) in Nigeria. Economic trees possess dual importance of contributing to rural cash
economy and environmental sustainability.
The reality of changing climate has become an important drive for tree planting campaign by
local and national governments in Nigeria. Tree planting to mitigate the effect of climate change
is an important national objective in Nigeria that deserves collective efforts.
Economic tree refers to group of permanent crops of perennial nature that are capable of being
exploited for up to 25-35 years. (Ogunwusi et al 2016, Neuwinger, 2006; Ji-rovetz, et al 2003;
Annabelle, et al 2004.
Nigeria was in 20th position among world’s major producing countries. By 2005, there was an
increase in production to 209,000MT. In 2006, Nigeria moved to 19th position in the worlds in
the world with a production value of 225,000MT. In 2007, it rose to 225,500MT. In 2008,
Nigeria’s production value increased further to 234,000MT (FAOSTAT 2010). In Africa,
Tanzania is the highest producer followed by Ghana, Mozambique and Nigeria. They are widely
grown in the tropical and sub-tropical regions for their sweet fruit sap (Olife, et al 2015).
Nigeria produced 3% of the total world citrus output between 2000 and 2004. This ranked the
country 9th among the major citrus producing countries (UNCTAD 2007). The production of
citrus in Nigeria is mainly for local consumption. Olife, et al (2015) further recommended that
in order for Nigeria to fully harness the potentials of tree crops there should be adequate
funding of its research and development. Majority of the tree crops are mostly fund in the rural
environment and provide sustainable income, employment and livelihood for individual who
own them.
Environmentally these tree crops have ecological benefits. United States Department of
Agriculture – Forest Service (2005) stated that 100 trees removed 53 tons or carbon dioxide
and 430 pounds of other air pollutants per year and one hundred matured tree catch about
1390,000 gallons of rain water per year. It further stated that strategic management of tree
crops can save up to 56% of an annual air conditioning cost.
There is now overwhelming body of scientific evidence that human activity is responsible for
this change through release of green house gases.
Climate change therefore, remains an issue of serious concern globally. Its negative effect
particularly on rural households in developing countries is alarming. Evidence from summits,
conferences, literatures and seminars in local and international fora show among other factors
that decreasing tree population is a contributing factor to climate change. Rise in sea level,
floods, wild fires, melting ice, changing rainfall patterns, increasing atmospheric temperature
are all linked to negative environmental impact of climate change. Over the last century,
atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide increased from 278ppmto 385ppm in 2008 and
average global temperature rose by 0.74 degrees Celsius (Global leadership for climate Actions,
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Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences (DAFS) Vol 11, Issue 3, June- 2023
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2009). According to scientist this is the largest and fastest warming trend ever discerned in
earth's history. The global economy took steps to address climate in 1992 (United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change - UNFCCC) and in 1997 (Kyoto protocol).
The above trend has raised increased concerns about the rising threat of climate change to
current income and consumption patterns of rural households and individuals who make a
living from agricultural related activities (Foresight, 2011 and IPCC, 2012). Adaptation and
mitigation have been suggested by appropriate authorities to address climate change. Tree
planting as an aspect of mitigation has been adopted but not widely practiced. Evidence of
adoption is seen from the One Man One Tree campaign launched in Ghana, One Man One Tree
campaign launched in Lagos, Nigeria, establishment of forest Company by Shubhendu Sharma
whose mission is to bring back lost forests by creating them and Plants for the Planet; Billion
Tree campaign launched in Nairobi Kenya (Government of Ghana 2017, Vanguard Newspaper
July 13 2010, The Forest 2015 blog and UN and Climate Change, 2014) . Within his background,
it is important to investigate the ownership of economic tree crops in relation to poverty
alleviation and climate change mitigation in Delta State, Nigeria.
It has been emphasized severally that climate change is one of humanities greatest problem.
Environmental hazards are man-made due to over production and consumption practices
which undermine the environment. Tree planting involves giving back to the environment the
energy it requires to mitigate climate change. Mbow, et al, (2014) stressed the importance of
trees in an ecosystem, especially, as it relates to climate change adaptation and mitigation.
Considering the National campaign for tree planting, it is important to investigate the
perception of rural farmers on economic trees with respect to environmental sustainability.
Achoja and Obodaya (2019) reported that backyard orchard ownership has positive effects on
rural poverty alleviation and food security. They added that tree fruits marketing contributed
24% of the household income of those that are engaged in it. This is the economic implications
of compound trees.
In most part of Delta State, the wild tree crops have become exhausted and can no longer
support the societal demand. Research work on ownership of compound trees is in its infancy
stage. Work is yet to be done on the perceived environmental benefits of tree crops ownership
among indigenous people. The need for concerted research efforts for finding out the
distribution and perceived sustainable environmental impact of tree crops is overdue. The
indication is crystal clear. As it stands, there exists a considerable body of knowledge on the use
of backyard orchards as a panacea for food security and poverty alleviation (Achoja and
Obodaya, 2020, Chukwuji, et. al, 2001) but further research emphasis needs to be placed on the
environmental benefits of tree crop ownership in the ever-changing global climate. In this
regard, research attention needs to be directed at the increasing cases of extreme climate
events (i.e. extreme temperature and flooding). More research investments are needed for the
development of completely organic approaches to climate change mitigation. The dwindling
tropical forest abounds with many tree species that have been reported to possess
environmental and economic/commercial values.
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Emuh, F. N., Achoja, F. O., & Obodaya, O. (2023). Perception of Rural Farmers on Impact of Economic Tree Crops on Environmental Sustainability in
Delta State, Nigeria. Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences, 11(3). 52-62.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/dafs.113.14786
The main thrust of this study was to examine the perceived impact of economic tree crops on
environmental sustainability in Delta State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to:
1. ascertain the distribution of economic tree crops owned by farmers in Delta State,
Nigeria,
2. examine the factors that exert marginal effects on tree crop ownership among farmers
and
3. evaluate the perception of households on environmental impact of economic tree crops
in Delta State, Nigeria.
Hypothesis of the study
Ho1: There is no significant difference in the perception of rural farmers with respect to the
impact of tree planting on environmental sustainability (climate change mitigation).
Ho2: The selected socioeconomic factors do not have significant marginal effects on economic
tree ownership decision in the study area.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Area of Study, Sampling Procedure and Sample Size
The research was carried out in Delta State, Nigeria. This area was chosen because of the
presence of the tree crops. It is located in the evergreen tropical rain forest zero in the southern
region of Nigeria with swamp forest in adjoining low-lying areas that is seasonally water logged.
It has two distinct seasons, a long-wet season lasting from March to October and a shorter dry
season from November to February. The area is agriculturally advantageous for the production
of crops and livestock.
The sample for the study was composed through a multi stage sampling procedure involving 3
stages as follows:
• Stage 1: Selection of Local Governments (LGAs)
Fifteen (15) Local Government Areas were randomly selected from the 25 LGAs in the
State.
• Stage 2: Selection of Communities
One (1) community was randomly selected from each of the selected LGAs in Delta State.
This gave a total of 10 communities that were sampled for the study.
• Stage 3: Selection of Respondents.
Ten (10) economic tree owners were selected from each of the 15 communities. This
gave a total of 150 that were selected and studied. The distribution of sampled
respondent is shown in Table 1.
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Table 1: Distribution of sampled respondents.
S/NO LGAs No. of Communities No. of Respondents
1 ANIOCHA SOUTH 1 10
2 ANIOCHA NORTH 1 10
3 BOMADI 1 10
4 BURUTU 1 10
5 ETHIOPE EAST 1 10
6 ETHIOPE WEST 1 10
7 IKA NORTH 1 10
8 IKA SOUTH 1 10
9 ISOKO NORTH 1 10
10 ISOKO SOUTH 1 10
11 NDOKWA EAST 1 10
12 NDOKWA WEST 1 10
13 OKPE 1 10
14 OSHIMILI NORTH 1 10
15 UGHELLI NORTH 1 10
TOTAL 15 150
Data Collection Techniques
Both quantitative and qualitative data were used for this investigation. The data were elicited
from primary sources. Data collection was achieved with the aid of questionnaire and interview
schedule. The questionnaire was structured to harmonize with the specific objectives of the
study. The instrument was made to pass through validity and reliability tests procedure. The
questionnaire was administered to and retrieved from the respondents with the aid of trained
enumerators.
Methods of Data Analysis
Both descriptive statistical tools (mean, percentage, frequency distribution table) and
inferential statistics T-test and multiple regression model were used to analyze collected data.
Model Specification for Simpson Diversity Index Determination
Simpson Index (D) =
∑n(n − 1)
N(N − 1)
... ... ... Equation 1
Where;
n = Number of trees of a particular specie
N = Total number of all tree species in the population
Decision Rule
The closer the SDI value to 1 the higher the impact it creates on environmental sustainability.
Marginal effect of the factors that influence economic tree crops ownership was achieved using
Logit Multiple regression model.
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Emuh, F. N., Achoja, F. O., & Obodaya, O. (2023). Perception of Rural Farmers on Impact of Economic Tree Crops on Environmental Sustainability in
Delta State, Nigeria. Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences, 11(3). 52-62.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/dafs.113.14786
Model Specification for Ownership Decision
ln (Pij/C-Pij) = β0 + β1ELO + β2AVMKT + β3EINC + β4FOL + β5ENSHT+ β6PFSC + β7POP + β8LGP
+ β9AIGN + β10AES + β11TDI + β12AST + β13BDE+ ℮i ... (Equation 2)
The perceived implication of economic tree planting on climate change and environmental
sustainability as specified in objective 3 was obtained using a 4-point type Likert scale and
achieved using chi-square. This is shown in the following model Chi-Square Model specification
on perceived implication
χ
2 = Ʃ
(Fo − Fe)
2
fe ... ... ... (Equation 3)
Where;
Fo = Observed frequency from owners and non-owners’ economic tree
Fe = Expected frequency calculated
Fe =
RT × GT
GT ... ... ... Equation 3
Where;
RT = Row Total
CT = Column Total
GT = Grand Total
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Distribution of Identified Tree Crops Ownership Among Surveyed Households
Table 2.: Distribution of economic tree ownership among respondents
S/N Economic trees Frequency (n= 150) Percentage (%)
1 Pear 31 21
2 Mango 80 53.3
3 Coconut 84 56
4 Orange 57 38
5 Ogbono 79 53
6 Cocoa 11 0.7
7 Pepper fruit 27 18
*Note: Multiple responses were recorded.
Table 2 shows the distribution of the 7 identified economic trees that are commonly planted by
households in Delta State, Nigeria. The result is reported in the order of frequency (prevalence).
Coconut is most common with 56%, Mango (53.3%), Ogbono, (53%), Orange (38%), Pear
(21%), Pepper fruit tree (18%) and Cocoa (0.7). The possible reasons for this distribution can
be adduced to the dual economic and environmental benefits derivable. This finding shows that
diverse economic trees were planted and owned by households Simpson Diversity Index (SDI)
as a measure which shows that the more the economic trees owned by a household, the more
the economic and environmental benefits derivable.
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Factors That Determine the Ownership Decision of Economic Trees
Table 3 Logistic Regression Result showing the factors that determine the ownership decision
of economic trees.
Hypothesis Testing
Ho2: The selected socioeconomic factors do not have significant marginal effects economic tree
ownership decision in the study area.
The result in Table 3 shows that the selected socio-economic factors significantly determine
economic tree ownership decision thus the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternate
accepted that the selected socio-economic factors significantly determine economic tree
ownership decision.
Table 3: Marginal Effects after logistic regression
Variables(x) dy / dx (Coeff.) Standard error t.cal` P.val
ELO 0.26 0.1442 1.78 0.074
AVMKT 0.09 0.0684 1.46 0.145
EINC 0.09 0.1816 0.52 0.606
FOL 0.22 0.1043 2.11* 0.035
ENSHT -0.11 0.1781 2.45 * 0.047
PFSC 0.49 0.1677 2.93** 0.003
POP 0.37 0.1636 2.25* 0.025
LGP -0.01 0.1796 -0.07 0.948
AIGN 0.14 0.1692 0.85 0.394
AES 0.49 0.1677 2.94** 0.005
TDI 0.59 0.3192 3.19** 0.002
AST -0.14 0.2143 -0.66 0.511
BDE 0.42 0.1626 2.60 ** 0.009
Y= Prob. (tree ownership)
= 0.80
*= sig. @ 5%
** = sig. @ 1%
The marginal effect of the independent variables in the binary logistic regression analysis is
represented in Table 3 above. The marginal effect explains by how many units the decision to
own economic tree changes if the explanatory variables selected changes by one unit. On the
response scale, it was observed that;
• Marginal Effect for Fertility of Land (FOL) has a positive relationship with economic
tree ownership decision. This implies that if fertility of land increases by one unit, the
decision to own economic trees increases by 0.2572485 units this is significant with a Z
value of 2.11.
• Marginal Effect for Enterprise Shift (ENSHT) was negative and significant with a T- value of -2.45 implying that if enterprise shift increases by one unit, the decision to own
economic trees increases by -0.11 units.
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Emuh, F. N., Achoja, F. O., & Obodaya, O. (2023). Perception of Rural Farmers on Impact of Economic Tree Crops on Environmental Sustainability in
Delta State, Nigeria. Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences, 11(3). 52-62.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/dafs.113.14786
• Marginal Effects for Perceived as a Food Security Crop (PFSC) was positive and
significant with a z value of 2.93 implying that if perceived as a food security crop
increases by one unit, the decision to own economic tree increases by 0.49 unit.
• For price of products (POP) the marginal effect was positive and significant with a z
value of 2.25 implying that an increase by one unit implies a 0.37 unit increase in
economic tree ownership decision.
• For access to extension services (AES) the marginal effect was also positive and
significant with a z value of 2.94 and implies that an increase by one unit implies a 0.49
unit increase in economic tree ownership decision.
• Marginal effect for Tree diversity index (TDI) was likewise positive and significant
with a coefficient of 0.59 implying that a one unit increase TDI will cause a 0.59-unit
increase in economic tree ownership decision.
• Finally, marginal effect for boundary demarcation (BDE) was observed to be
positive and significant with a T- value of 2.60 implying that an increase by one-unit
results in an increase in economic tree ownership decision by 0.42 units.
Perceived Implication of Economic Tree Planting on Climate Change Mitigation
Table 4: Distribution of perception of respondents on environmental implications of
economic tree planting
S/N Perceptions Chi-cal Chi-tab Remark
1 Economic tree crop can reduce the hotness of
the environment
0.45 3.84 Not significant
2 It provides good shade and wind break 0.12 3.84 Not significant
3 It provides fresh air 0.55 3.84 Not significant
4 It purifies the air we breathe 7.08 3.84** Significant
5 Economic tree crop can mitigate the impact of
climate change on the environment
0.75 3.84 Not significant
df = 1
**=5% α level
In Table 4 the result of the response of both owners and non owners of economic tree on
perceived implication of economic tree planting on climate change mitigation was presented.
The result shows that the surveyed rural farmers are homogenous in their knowledge on
environmental implication of trees. This result could be attributed to the awareness of
indigenous rural farmers on the capacity of economic trees to reduce the hotness (temperature)
of their environment; provide shade and wind brakes to protect their environment, particularly
buildings. Awareness of rural farmers on the environmental benefit of economic tree could
influence their decision to positively respond to the tree planting campaign and own a tree. This
conforms with the earlier finding of Odafivwotu (2015) who investigated public perception on
climate change in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State Nigeria, which showed that a significant portion of the
respondents saw that tree planting and stoppage of deforestation among other measures as
critical in mitigating climate change.
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Hypothesis Testing
Ho2: There is no significant difference in the perception of surveyed households with respect
to economic tree planting and climate change mitigation. The null hypothesis is generally
accepted that there is no significant difference in the perception of households that economic
tree planting can mitigate climate change hazards. The surveyed households expressed
homogenous perception on the potential of trees for environmental sustainability in Delta
State, Nigeria.
CONCLUSION
The study investigated the impact of selected economic tree ownership on rural household
income and environmental sustainability in Delta State, Nigeria and found out that economic
tree owners were food secure while non owners were food insecure, it was also discovered that
income level of economic tree owners was higher than that of non owners and that economic
trees have a multiplier effect of 28% on the overall income level and significant impact on the
climate of the study area. Conclusively, the study has pointed out the economic and
environmental potentials of economic tree and it is expected that if the dual concept behind this
study is adopted, the global goal of poverty alleviation and climate change mitigation will be
adequately attained.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. That tree planting campaigns of governmental and nongovernmental organizations
targeted at climate mitigation should adopt the use of economic trees while targeting
people of all ages so as to attain the objective and simultaneously providing sustainable
income thereof.
2. That international organizations such as World Bank, United Nations etc with climate
mitigating objectives targeted at developing countries should key into the twin
potentials of economic trees in order to achieve their goals.
3. That community heads and leaders should advocate economic tree planting as a means
of ensuring adequate food security and income level for rural households.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We hereby acknowledge TETFUND for funding this research work. We also appreciate the
management of Delta State University, Abraka for giving us the opportunity to conduct this
research. We thank all the authors whose works were incisively cited in this paper.
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Emuh, F. N., Achoja, F. O., & Obodaya, O. (2023). Perception of Rural Farmers on Impact of Economic Tree Crops on Environmental Sustainability in
Delta State, Nigeria. Discoveries in Agriculture and Food Sciences, 11(3). 52-62.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/dafs.113.14786
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