Transactions on Engineering and Computing Sciences

Power Series Matrices

Ilhan M. Izmirli — Sat, 22 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0100

In this paper, we propose an algorithm that can be used to construct the elements of any power series matrix generated by any polynomial . As such, this algorithm is a generalization of the specific algorithms that give us the Pascal and the Fibonacci matrices. We will first start with the special cases of Pascal and Fibonacci matrices. The general case of power series matrices will be analyzed in Section2. We will conclude our paper by giving the algorithm in section 3.

Hierarchical Flight Control System for Tilt-Rotor Drones

Nickolay Zosimovych — Sat, 22 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0100

This paper presents a hierarchical flight control system for tilt-rotor drones. The offered approach performs high-level mission goals by gradually confirming them into machine-level instructions. The learned data from numerous sensors is spread backside to the greater levels for sensitive decision making. Each vertical take-off and landing drone is linked through regular wireless communication rules for accessible multi-agent facility. The proposed flight control system has been effectively employed on several small tilt-rotor drones and validated in some applications. Solutions from waypoint navigation, a probabilistic chase-evasion competition and vision-based object chasing show the capability of the recommended method for intelligent flying drones.

Deep Learning Techniques for a Comprehensive Analysis of Fetal Biometric Parameters Across Trimesters

Shivanand Gornale, Priyanka Kamat, Rashmi Siddalingappa, Sathish Kumar — Fri, 31 May 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The process of creating fetal images from the uterus using sound influence is known as fetal ultrasound imaging. During this scan, measurements such as the gestational sac, biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length can be taken from the mother, which are further analyzed by the radiologist or gynecologist. These factors allow us to quickly test for anomalies and monitor the fetal growth and development of a baby. This paper delves into the techniques utilized in previous studies for analyzing abnormalities from ultrasound images using machine learning and deep learning techniques. Specifically, we focus on two trimesters and three key fetal parameters: Head Circumference (HC), Abdominal Circumference (AC), and Femur Length (FL). Our proposed method, the Unet segmentation method, not only performs segmentation but also predicts the parameters. We employ various transfer learning techniques for classification. The experiment involves 1,313 medical fetal images, comprising 563 from the second trimester and 750 from the third trimester. In terms of segmentation accuracy, the results for the second trimester's biometric parameters are as follows: AC = 69.09%, FL = 92.02%, and HC = 69.43%. For the third trimester, the accuracy for FL is 90.04%, and for HC, it is 69.76%. Regarding classification methods, MobileNet and XceptionNet yield comparable results. For the second trimester, MobileNet achieves 99.28%, and XceptionNet achieves 99.82%. For the third trimester, both MobileNet and XceptionNet achieve 99.86%.

Singing Voice Melody Detection

Chourdakis Michael — Thu, 16 May 2024 00:00:00 +0100

This is an enhancement on our time domain pitch detection algorithm optimized for voice singing. Various time and frequency domain methods have been researched to detect the pitch of the human voice. This manuscript describes our methods to convert human singing to music notation. Over the past years, significant progress is made in speech recognition, but methods used in that process recognize textural patterns, not melody. We use a combination of time and frequency domain algorithms to achieve our aim using C++. The results of our algorithms are satisfactory and accurate enough, not only to represent human voice singing in the European notation, but also to represent it when higher resolution script is available - for example, when using the Byzantine Script which has a minimum note distance of about 17 Cents (as opposed to the European notation with a minimum note distance of 100 Cents).

Singularity Sphere in The Heart of a Black Hole

Sabir Sadiq — Fri, 31 May 2024 00:00:00 +0100

In the present work, radius, density of a black hole singularity and escape velocity of an object from an external surface of singularity sphere will be determined by using original mathematical equations to solve the mystery of a singularity. The singularity is white and smooth ball of steeply compressed particular type of matter and energy in the point same as the size of atom or subatomic particles. The Singularity is a big mystery and illusion in the history of Astronomy and black hole’s theory. Scientist believed that the singularity has zero radius and infinity density when mass divided to the size of singularity by using density law. In fact, everything in the Universe has its limit radius, size, and density according to genuine equations of Physics. The radius of an event horizon, or black hole radius that named Schwarzschild radius can be calculated, but escape velocity from an external surface of a black hole is constant equal to the speed of light travel in the vacuum. The radius, density, spinning speed, angular momentum of a singularity ball, and escape velocity from external surface of a black hole’s singularity is changeable according to dynamic of a singularity creation and an environment of the formation of a singularity. Singularity is denser than any well-known celestial object, and denser than any type of matter that contained in structure of a black hole.

Approbation of the Algorithm of Construction of Criteria of Similarity of a Physical Process to A Technical Problem

Kravets V., Kolosov D., Kravets V l, Shamakhanov V. — Sun, 30 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The developed general algorithm for constructing a set of similarity criteria of a physical process is applied to the technical problem of measuring the thickness of a layer of material transported along a linear conveyor line. Following the algorithm and using chain diagrams, the corresponding set of systems of linear algebraic equations with respect to homogeneity indices is found. Excluding degenerate and equivalent systems of equations, the set of basic similarity criteria consisting of two equal half-sets of direct and inverse criteria is found. Derived similarity criteria are determined by the basic criteria using the Cayley tables. The obtained set of similarity criteria includes known results.

Constant Total Energy for A Given Mass and At A Given Temperature Is the Source of The Universal Mass-Energy Equivalence Relation in Semiconductor and Insulator Materials Having A Bandgap

Ravi Kumar Chanana — Thu, 13 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0100

In this research article it is shown that the motion of an electron or hole in semiconductor and insulator materials having a bandgap is similar to the falling object on the surface of the earth at constant acceleration due to gravity g of 9.8 meters/sec². The constant total energy for a given mass and at a given temperature is the source of the universal mass-energy equivalence relation in materials having a bandgap. This relation is given as dE/E = dm/m. In materials, dE is the differential potential energy from the intrinsic Fermi energy level E_i to the conduction band of the materials, and E is the semiconductor bandgap as the total potential energy of the electrons. These energies are also the total mechanical energies of the electrons at the cathode of the materials where the velocity of the electron in the material is zero at zero electric field, and so it possesses only potential energy as the total mechanical energy. The dm is the differential mass as the longitudinal electron effective mass and m is the free electron mass.

Predictive Accuracy and Covariates Selection Performance of Time-To-Event Data: A Comparison Study of Cox Proportional Hazard and Random Survival Forest Models

Ramkumar T Balan, Oscar Leonard. K — Mon, 17 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0100

Background: The Cox proportional hazard (Cox PH) model is the most common and widely used method for analyzing time-to-event data. This approach, however, has been criticized for predicting patient outcomes since it assumes that the outcome is a linear combination of covariates and a constant hazard ratio over time, which is invalid in many cases and may not always be fulfilled, and thus Random Survival Forest (RSF) for time-to-event data has been proposed as an alternative to Cox PH. By considering non-linearity and interrelated covariates, the RSF is recognized as a way to correct bias in Cox proportional hazard models. Methods: The Cox PH model was compared to the Random Survival Forest by a relaxed proportional hazard (PH) assumption in this retrospective cohort study, which included 189 patients who underwent a new algorithmic treatment of an advanced human immunodeficiency virus clinical trial proposed by the World Health Organization from January to December 2018 at Kibong'oto infectious diseases hospital. Results: The study results show that the Random Survival Forest outperforms the Cox PH model in time-to-event data analysis by integrating covariates that do not meet proportional hazard assumptions based on predictive error curves, concordance indices, Brier scores, and integrated Brier scores as predictive indicators. Despite the fact that the PH assumption was relaxed for all covariates in the dataset, the Cox PH model selected only a few, and all deselected covariates were highly significant in the RSF, implying that the Cox PH model was inbuilt with the proportional hazard assumption. Conclusions: As a result, only covariates that satisfied the PH inbuilt assumption were chosen, regardless of whether the assumption was tested or not, rendering it ineffective when compared to a random survival forest. Therefore, having a dataset free from non-linearity and interrelated variables is impossible in the real world; hence, the RSF model outperforms the Cox PH model in predictive accuracy and covariate selection performance.

Hierarchical Flight Control System for Tilt-Rotor Drones

Nickolay Zosimovych — Mon, 03 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0100

Traces of Ancient Surveying in Japan

Kaoru Yoshida — Mon, 10 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0100

Grasping the geography/topography of the land is one of the most important tasks in nation-building throughout the ages. In Ancient Izumo Province, Mt. Daisen and Mt. Sanbe were clear landmarks for the purpose. On the other hand, a large number of bronze artifacts were excavated from Shidanioku Site, Kojindani Site, and Kamo-iwakura Site in this province. These bronze artifacts were buried around the 1st century AD. If we examine the correlation using the latitude and longitude (numerical data) of landmark mountains and the bronze burial sites, we will find that Mt. Daisen, Mt. Sanbe, and the Shidanioku Site form a large isosceles triangle. It can also be seen that Mt. Daikoku and Mt. Takase, as well as Kojindani Site and Kamo-iwakura Site, which are seen as two pairs, form two isosceles triangles with a common base. They show that Ancient Izumo Province in the 1st century AD had maps for selecting burial sites and surveying techniques for making maps. There was also surveying techniques for indicating the burial sites in the field. These are the oldest surveying traces in Japan for which evidence can be shown.

Pristine Plantain Peels Biochar and Effect of Weathering on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Biodegradation in Crude Oil-Contaminated Soils

Reward Kokah Douglas, Lawrence C. A, Ebiundu K — Fri, 31 May 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The current research compared the potential of an agricultural waste-plantain peels derived biochar and weathering for the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soil at laboratory scale. PAHs concentrations ranged from 0.245 to 348.04 mg/kg for the control sample (concentrations obtained without amendment after 4 day incubation period). Benzo(a)pyrene had the least concentration, while Chrysene has the highest concentration. Under weathering conditions, the sum concentration of PAHs were observed to be 694.213, 687.892, and 670.866 mg/kg after 30, 60, and 90 days experiment, respectively. More PAHs concentration degradation was observed PPB amendment option. That is, with PPB amendment option, the sum concentration of PAHs obtained were 649.743, 634.532, and 550.369 mg/kg after 30, 60, and 90 day experiment, respectively. Furthermore, first-order kinetics was used to determine the kinetics of PAHs degradation, which was applied on both the weathering and the PPB amendment options. With weathering, PAHs degradation rate constant (K) increased with decreasing PAHs concentrations; which shows that PAHs degradation in contaminated soil is slow under the influence of weathering. With PPB amendment option, the K value decreased between K₃₀ and K₆₀ with decreasing PAHs concentrations, which implies faster degradation of PAHs. However, reverse was the case between K₆₀ and K_90. This shows slow degradation of PAHs. Results suggest that the PPB option is best for the restoration and/or reclamation of soil polluted with PAHs.

Addressing Challenges Encountered by English Language Teachers in Imparting Communication Skills among Higher Secondary Students: A Critical Overview

Jiby Jose E, Akkara Sherine — Wed, 08 May 2024 00:00:00 +0100

Acquisition and extension of communication skills in the English language is a gateway to academic achievements and professional success. English language communicative competence is a necessary prerequisite in a globally interconnected and communicatively-driven world. This is an imperative for the academic, professional and personal growth. However, English language teachers experience varied challenges in developing effective communication skills among higher secondary students. Hence, the objective of the study is to explore the pedagogical practices in English language communication among the higher secondary students and the obstacles encountered by the teachers. The details are collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions using the qualitative framework. The participants represent the tutors who teach at higher secondary levels in and follow the SCERT curriculum. Using purposive sampling, the interview and the focus group discussion have been carried out directly, and the data have been analyzed thematically. The study explores diverse factors and nuances that deter educators in the discipline of language training and verbal proficiency.

The N-S Extension of The Mexico Basin: Is Confirmed by Gravity Analysis

R. Alvarez, M. Camacho — Fri, 21 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The Mexico Basin is in the eastern portion of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, where it is repeatedly affected by strong ground motions. Notwithstanding, the tectonic setting of this region is not adequately defined, and several efforts are underway to improve its characterization. Here we use a high-resolution (220 m), satellite-derived gravity data set to acquire the matching Bouguer anomaly, from which 3D inversions are performed at varying resolutions, to obtain density distributions to depths of up to 15 km. The gravity signature agrees with an N-S extensional process previously recognized, based on geological arguments. Two gravity saddle points are identified flanking a minimum in the S portion of the basin; immediately southward is located Sierra del Chichináutzin, which we interpret as resulting from the N-S extensional process. Two relevant, not previously reported gravity anomalies are identified: the Ajusco Gravity Anomaly (AGA) and the Central Gravity Anomaly (CGA), the former associated with Ajusco volcano, and the latter with the central portion of Mexico City. The AGA contains two polygenetic structures: Ajusco volcano and San Miguel volcano; given their proximity to the Mexico and Toluca basins, a detailed exploration of their density distributions is performed. A comparison is made with seismic results reported elsewhere, between density and seismic velocity, finding good matches to depths up to 10 km below sea level.

A Review of Database Attacks

Matteo Bassani, Sikha Bagui — Fri, 21 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0100

In today’s world, where organizations heavily rely on databases to store and access critical information, database security is a major concern. This paper provides an overview of recent trends and popular threats in database security, as well as an organized literature review of database attacks and related security methods. The primary objectives of this review are to analyze the current state of database attacks, highlight effective defense techniques, and identify research gaps and future directions. The paper categorizes the reviewed literature into various sections, including general database attacks, SQL Injection attacks, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks, Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, mixed attacks, other types of attacks, and concludes with database encryption techniques. By examining the merits and demerits of existing approaches, this review aims to contribute to a better understanding of database attacks and their related countermeasures. Finally, the findings of this paper can help researchers improve their understanding of the topic and make progress in the study of techniques to address threats to data availability, confidentiality, and integrity.