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British Journal of Healthcare and Medical Research - Vol. 12, No. 02
Publication Date: April 25, 2025
DOI:10.14738/bjhmr.1202.18446.
Shnawa, I. M. S. (2025). An at Glance Insight to Gut Microbiome Driven Autoimmunity. British Journal of Healthcare and Medical
Research, Vol - 12(02). 110-119.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
An at Glance Insight to Gut Microbiome Driven Autoimmunity
Ibrahim M S Shnawa
Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology,
ALQasim Green University, Qasim, Babylon, IRAQ and
College of Nursing, University of Hilla, Ranringia, Babylon/IRAQ
ABSTRACT
Autoimmunity is attributed to genetic predisposition [Genome] and environmental
factors[exposome] and microbiome[microbiota]. The objective of the present
opinion paper was to present an at glance insight to gut microbiome driven
autoimmune diseases GMDADs based upon current published literature. The
exposome components are; infection ,vaccination ,allergy and stress .Human
balanced microbiome is noted in immune homeostasis. While, in its dysbiotic state
in which specific microbe linked to induction of auto immune reactions, the
infectome. On the onset of autoimmune diseases, leaky gut initiated, the antigens of
the infectious agent translocated, molecular mimicry, autoantigen overproduction
and cytokine overproduction, all of these were moved through blood to other extra- intestinal compartments into which brook of tolerance and dysregulate
homeostasis. Then, changes happened in transcription and translation of the
gene(s) encoding the autoimmune reaction pathway along with the coevolved
changes immune reaction pathways. To this end autoimmune reactions are either
goes on or blocked by the dysbiotic microbiome. In case of rise up of autoimmune
reactions producing clinical concentration levels of either auto –antibodies or auto- reactive T or B lymphocytes indicating autoimmune diseases. Auto-immune T cells
produced in the gut lymphoid tissues migrate from gut to an eye auva leading to
auto-immune auvitis. Gut lymphoid tissue produced T reg., migrate to reach the
autoimmune inflamed central nervous system leading to inhibition of auto immune
reactions. A suggestion for an animal model for infection induced auto immune
disease in lapin animal was made. Not all dysbiotic microbiomes driven
autoimmune diseases showing clear immunopathological mechanisms. A call
suggestion for study the molecular mechanisms of the presently unknown
microbiome driven autoimmune diseases.
Keywords: Allergy, autoantibody, auto-reactive, dysbiosis, exposome, extra-intestinal,
infection, infectome, gut.
INTRODUCTION
The collective description for the normal human microflora harbouring various body organ
compartments is known as microbiota. It constitutes the compositional and functional
attributes. While the genetic detected normal human microflora known as microbiome,though
both of the terms were used interchangeably .Microbiome impacts human immune system
evolution and function both in normal and dysbiotic states. The compositional spectrum of the
microbiome is termed as microbiome signature MS. Dysbiotic MS were different in different
autoimmune diseases. objective of the present opinion paper was to present an at glance insight
on gut microbiome driven autoimmune diseases GMDADs based upon the current published
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Shnawa, I. M. S. (2025). An at Glance Insight to Gut Microbiome Driven Autoimmunity. British Journal of Healthcare and Medical Research, Vol -
12(02). 110-119.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/bjhmr.1202.18446.
literature [1-7]. Such GMDADs insight tempts to; i – build up GMDADs timeline , ii – Suggest
unified mechanism for GMDADs , iii – Propose a laboratory animal model for verifying GMDADs
paradigm and iv – Putforward a comprehensive table form view to the attributes of this
paradigm.
CONCEPTUATION
Normal individuals may showed low concentration of some auto antibodies below the baseline
limits.Such a case is known as physiological autoimmunity .Other pepoles may have
autoantibody concentrations below the clinical threshold for an autoimmune disease this case
is denoted as subclinical autoimmunity .While those pepoles whome have autoantibody
concentration within the clinical limits is known as pathologic autoimmunity,and the same for
autoreactive cells.The state of the gut microbiome in normal healthy persons known as biosis
in which the microbiome contained balanced composition and function for its formed
microflora.While when the microbiome undergoes infection ,vaccination ,inflammation ,allergy
and/or stress.The composition and function becomes distorted and termed as dysbiosis.Hence
normal microbiome parallels with normal homeostasis and dysbiotic microbiome along with
disease states.The compositional and functional spectrum of microbiome is designated as
microbiome signature .The translocation of the specific antigen of the invading pathogen
passing through gut leak may be involved in the induction of immune mediated disease such as
autoimmunity via a number of mechanisms as; molecular mimicry,autoantigen over
production,antigen bystander inducing gene(s) expression that may leave human body in acase
of recognition of self as nonself antigen with the consiquences of auto immune diseases[1-7].
TIMELINE
Digging through past sparks light to the present and draw basic lines to the future. On passing
from the emergence point of gut microbiome driven autoimmunity, one may found that
apparently it emerges in 2010 and continue up to date 2024 [1-28], Table – 1.
Table 1: Gut Microbiome driven Autoimmunity Timeline.
Acheivment Reference
Germ free animal with filamentous bacteria develop experimental
autoimmune encephalitits
Lee et al 2010 [9].
Ulteration in gut microbiota cause immune dysregulation leading to
autoimmunity
Wu and Wu 2012[10].
The terms exposome, infectome and autoinfectome were coiend Bogdanos etal. 2013 [11].
Gene expression of the genes encoding autoimmune reactions cause
signaling pathway finalized by autoimmunity
Book Publication on Gens and autoimmunity
Stanilova 2013 [12].
Inheritance of familial microbiome produce familial autoimmune
disease
Poral et al. 2013 [13].
Development of autoimmunity requires genetic predisposition and
environmental factors that triggers immune pathway
Wang et al.2015[14]
Sex hormones influences autoimmunity via dysbiosis of gut
microbiome composition
Gomez et al., [15].
Gut microbiome holds the position of major player in intestinal and
extra-intestinal autoimmunity Book puiblicationon Infection and
Autoimmunity
Bogdanose et al.2015 [16].
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Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Gut microbiota provide a source of cross-reactive antigens that
activates gut autoreactive lymphocytes. Gut microbiota regulate
autoimmunity
Zarate-Blades et al.2016[17]
Clonal B cell expansion and affinity maturation induce formation of
high affinty antibody response that acts as central driver of
autoimmune disease
Degn et al.2017[18].
Gut regulatory T cell modulate gut microbiome leading to reduction
in autoimmune nervous inflammation
Colpritts and Kasper
2017[19].
There was dynamic interplay between gut microbiota and
autoimmune disease where Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a ligand
activated transcription factor is a master moderator of host- microbiota interaction
Xu et al.2019[20]
Gut normal microbiota take part in both immune homeostasis and
autoimmune reactions in its dysbiotic state
Luca and Shoenfeld 2019[21].
Host immunity and the immune system are regulated by microbiota
through barrier maintanance and immune exclusion
Brown et al.2019[22].
Microbiome dysbiosis take part in evolution of arthritis Rath 2021[23].
Gut microbiome dysbiosis impacts gut barrier integrity Mangalam et al.2021[24].
Bifidobacterium genus has causal relatioships with Diabetes militis
type I and coeliac disease
Xu et al 2022[25].
There is a possible cause-effect relationship between microbiome
and autoimmune disease
Christovich and Luo 2022[26].
There were different dysbiotic microbiome signature in different
autoimmune diseases
Shaheen et al., [27]
There found to be changes in compositional and functional aspects
in different autoimmune diseases
Rodrigo 2022[28].
There found a triportite axis between intestinal regulation,
multisystem autoimmune diseases and gut microbiome
Zhang et al.2023[7].
Coining the term preclinical autoimmunity Pisetsky 2023[6].
Dysregulation of oral microbiome triggers and promotes
autoimmune diseases through microbial translocation, molecular
mimicry, autoantigen overproduction and amplification of cytokine
production
Huang et al.2023[5].
Bacteroides ovatus IgA coating index constitute individual
autoimmune disease risk predicator in a mouse model
Steimle et al.2024[4].
As an environmental factor, dysbiosis of gut microbiome can
modulate immune responses and contribute to the development of
autoimmune disease
Haravi 2024 [2].
A mucin siplitting bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila involved in
IgA nephropathy in a mouse model
Eauropean Biotechnology
2024 [1].
HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis,in physiological sense means the human body tempts to mantaine stable internal
environment though acheiving some sort of balance.Homeostsis is based upon three basic
mechanisms to monitor and mantaine adynmamic state of equilibirum within narrow
range.These mechanisms are integrated to make homeostatic balance as; i-receptors , ii- control
centers and iii - effectors.The receptors can sense both external and internal environmental
changes and provide information on the changes to the contral centers.The control centers
determine what a particular value of blood pressure for instance should be and sends message