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Publication Date: August 25, 2020
DOI:10.14738/assrj.78.8950.
Werijon, Risman, H., & Surryanto, D. W. (2020). Developing Papua Within the Framework of Diversity: A National Defence Perspective.
Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(8) 547-560.
Developing Papua Within the Framework of Diversity: A National
Defence Perspective
Werijon
Study Programme of Total War Strategy,
Indonesia Defence University, Indonesia.
Helda Risman
Faculty of Defence Strategy,
Indonesia Defence University, Indonesia.
Surryanto D. W.
Faculty of Defence Strategy,
Indonesia Defence University, Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
The approach to developing Papua throughout the years of Indonesia's
national leadership has brought considerable improvement to the
island of Papua. Indonesia’s First President, Soekarno has laid the
foundation of Indonesia's geopolitics in the world political order
stretching from Sabang in the west to Merauke (Papua) in the east.
Sustainable development in Papua continues to date in various sectors,
from infrastructure to the socio-cultural development of the Papuan
people. A development program focusing on a respect to-diversity
(kebhinnekaan) approach establishes Papua as an integral-nationalistic
part of Indonesia under the outline of total sovereignty. Paradoxically,
there are still small groups that raise the issue of Free Papua as a
manifestation of separatism, either the armed movement in Papua or
the dissemination of political issues in international forums. This
phenomenon then becomes the focus of this paper and launched the
main question, on how Indonesia manages to develop Papua within the
frame of diversity from the perspective of national defense. The
qualitative approach uses in-depth analysis based on the theory of
national defense and theory of development to explain the emerging
phenomena. Inquiries toward Papua-related negative issues found that
they have the spirit and goal to separate Papua from Indonesia. Through
this paper, it is revealed that a constructive development with the
mentioned approach has gradually succeeded in building up minds and
hearts of the Papuan people under nationalistic ties, as well as becoming
the main bulwark for national Defence and eliminating separatism
activities.
Keywords: Development; Diversity; National Defence; Papua; Separatism.
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INTRODUCTION
On May 1, 1963, United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA) hold a referendum on
behalf of the international community as a mediator of the handover of Papua from the Netherlands
to the United Nations [1]. The implementation of the referendum was coordinated directly by
Indonesia, following the contents of UN Treaty No. 6311, which in article XVIII, reads:
Indonesia will make arrangements, with the assistance and participation of the United Nations
Representative and his staff, to give the people of the territory the opportunity to exercise freedom of
choice. Such arrangements will include:
a. Consultations (Musjawarah) with the representative councils on procedures and
appropriate methods to be followed for ascertaining the freely expressed will of the
population.
b. The determination of the actual date of the exercise of free choice within the period
established by the present Agreement.
c. Formulation of the questions in such a way as to permit the inhabitants to decide (a) whether
they wish to remain with Indonesia; or (6) whether they wish to sever their ties with
Indonesia.
d. The eligibility of all adults, male and female, not foreign nationals to participate in the act of
self-determination to be carried out in accordance with international practice, who are
resident at the time of the signing of the present Agreement and at the time of the act of self- determination, including those residents who departed after 1945 and who return to the
territory to resume residence after the termination of Netherlands administration.
Indonesia's political victory in ensuring Papuan to join Indonesia at that time was the result of the
hard work of the Indonesian political system that had been going on even before Indonesia gained
its independence. Since the establishment of Indonesia as a country, Papua has been considered an
integral part of Indonesia, following the idea of an Indonesian nationality designed by the nation's
founding father, Soekarno.
Definitely, the success of integrating Papua politically does not necessarily terminate the interests
of the Indonesian government in Papua. In fact, on the contrary, Papua as a part of the Indonesian
has the right to security, welfare, and social justice. President Soekarno saw the condition of Papua
at that time was very fragile, bad and there was not a single Dutch heritage that could be used as
capital to develop Papua. Therefore, President Soekarno set a special priority for Papua and
continued by the Indonesian government and leadership to further develop Papua with a
comprehensive approach of nationalism and diversity [2]. Furthermore, the development of Papua
has been carried out periodically by various regimes, and the period that the Indonesian nation has
passed for nearly 60 years.
Based on the explanation above, Papua’s issue will be analyzed and explored by generating several
questions that constitute the research problem and become the focus of writing as follows: Firstly,
How Indonesia protect Papuan sovereignty from western influence and intervention? Second, how
to develop Papua with an approach of diversity from the perspective of national defense?
METHODOLOGY
The dynamics that arise over Papua will always move continuously. This is seen as a problem and
not merely works locally, but also has an inter-correlative nature with the problems of the
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Werijon, Risman, H., & Surryanto, D. W. (2020). Developing Papua Within the Framework of Diversity: A National Defence Perspective. Advances in Social
Sciences Research Journal, 7(8) 547-560.
Indonesian nation as a whole. In this context, it is interesting for the author to discuss the
phenomenon of development in Papua and the dynamic movement of separatists in Papua as well
as assessing the Indonesian government's strategy in maintaining its sovereignty over Papua within
the framework of national defense. Papua as an integral part of Indonesia has strategic importance
for the sustainability of Indonesia's sovereignty, which means further discussion by displaying
data/facts and relevant theory-based analysis is the key to parsing the problems of Papua.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Theory of Development
In general, development is one of the efforts made by the Indonesian government to defend Papua.
The development has an important meaning in making people feel the presence of the government
in one area. Siahaan (2004) states that one of the elements of government presence and the most
effective way to protect the community is to carry out development [3]. A country’s development
or development in a region is a form of government existence over the areas under its auspices.
Development is carried out by the government as a realization of policies that have been determined
sustainably in various fields of regional and community life.
Development is also a means and access for the government to community life, whether the goal is
expected by the central government as to what kind of people in the regions will develop, or how
the central government realizes the expectations of the people in the regions. In this context,
development has two simultaneous goals, both the government's goals for its people and the
people's expectations for their government. When these two goals can be realized, development can
lead to the growth of mutual trust. This is also supported by the opinion expressed by Trijono
(2007) which harmonizes the development approach and peace efforts that begin with the presence
of a belief [4].
The development approach in many cases has indeed become a comprehensive effort to strengthen
and resolve conflicts. However, the conflict and the uniqueness of the cases that occurred in Papua
forced the development concept to be detailed in its studies. Development is an effort made to catch
up and equalize prosperity. This is in line with the theory of development dynamics which explains
the conditions of inequality and efforts to unravel the excess inequality [5]. The excesses of
inequality in development have often become one of the sources of conflict, if no corrections are
made, the conflict will escalate. Therefore, the development approach is one of the relevant
approaches in managing problems in Papua that are still in the trap of inequality.
Theory of Culture Diversity
The element that strengthens and becomes a major part of the unifying flow of Indonesia is
diversity. In a diverse country context, affirmation is given priority, so that no one person or group
will feel marginalized. Regarding diversity, national life is also very vulnerable and influenced by
many things. The existing diversity will not create a strong entity if it is not built based on justice.
Justice and prosperity are key in sustaining a diverse nation. Therefore, seeing Papua from the
framework of diversity and development as well as equitable welfare is one of the efforts that can
be made to see Papua as a whole and ensure that the problems in Papua can be resolved.
The development approach taken will be a way to build an understanding between the central and
regional governments, especially in Papua. This is in line with what is explained by Aibak (2015)
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who sees diversity as a unifying element rather than dividing the unity of one nation [6]. Adherence
as a nation has become a part of the framework of Indonesia, which has existed since independence
to become a nation with complex diversity. This, of course, will never become a barrier if there is no
outside interference or provocation. Unfortunately, the provocation of cultural diversity within the
framework of the Indonesian nation cannot be avoided. This then weakens the value of diversity,
especially in Papua [7].
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
Indonesia for Papuan and Papua for Indonesian
The existence of Papua as part of the Indonesian nation has existed since the initial concept of the
Indonesian nation which was declared by the nation's Proclaimer. The history of Papua's joining to
Indonesia is long and is clearly stated in written records as well as being one of the UN resolutions
at the general session in 1963. the nation through the presence of a state with a sovereign
government. Frans Kaisiepo, Silas Papare, and other figures became important actors in the rise of
Indonesian nationalism among the Papuan people.
The integration of Papua into Indonesia itself is indisputable. This is because the legal basis for the
establishment of the Indonesian state is to cover all areas previously controlled by the Dutch or
previously known as the Dutch East Indies, of which Papua is an inseparable part of it [8]. Therefore,
the movement and attempts to provoke it into an act of separatism in the Papua region is something
that violates international law. Also, a state or organization that supports a separatist movement
will automatically be said to have ignored international norms or interfered in Indonesia's domestic
affairs.
For Indonesia, Papua is a concrete form of sovereign nationalism in the context of national defense.
Therefore, Indonesia has always resisted international efforts to mediate the Papua issue from
various means of third-party dialogue that are internationally mediated. Indonesia is Papua and
Papua is Indonesia which has become the manifestation of the nation's nationalist motto, although
there are still some small groups of Papuan people who still want Papuan internationalization. This
small group still wants an unconditional international dialogue for the independence of Papua
without paying attention to the history and spirit of the Papuan people who still have affection for
Indonesia.
The government and the Indonesian people will always protect Papua from all forms of foreign
intervention that are felt and still try to provoke the internationalization of Papua. The Indonesian
Government's preventive efforts to limit foreign journalists, diplomats, and non-governmental
organizations who wish to exacerbate Papua's problems are efforts to implement Indonesian
national laws and subordinate laws. Several non-governmental organizations such as Peace
Brigades International, International Committee of the Red Cross, Amnesty International, Human
Rights Watch, the Dutch peace-building and development organization CordAid are forms of
activities and efforts to internationalize [9] and intervene in the Indonesian state which have always
been unconstructive towards the future ahead of Papua and Indonesia.
The dynamics of separatism
The position of Papua, which is already part of Indonesia, still gets a lot of interference. Many of
these disturbances were carried out by parties who did not really like Papua joining Indonesia, as
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Werijon, Risman, H., & Surryanto, D. W. (2020). Developing Papua Within the Framework of Diversity: A National Defence Perspective. Advances in Social
Sciences Research Journal, 7(8) 547-560.
well as those who wanted to take advantage of the riots in Papua. This is not strange, because, since
the New Order era, Papua has indeed become an area with lots of riots and attempts to become
independent [10].
The separatist movement is an attempt to break away from a country or to become independent
with various motives. One of the most common motives is disappointment with the situation and
feelings of injustice. But not infrequently there are also other motives, namely the presence of
foreign parties who want a certain area to be annexed. Apart from giving new hope to Papua with
the re-entry of Papua into an integral part of Indonesia, at the same time, new problems for Papua
in a different context have also emerged, namely separatism. The issue of separatism over Papua
begins with a gap in perspective on the history of Papua. Papuan groups leaning towards the Dutch
tried to reject Papua's entry into Indonesia by raising the issue of separatism.
The sense of unity to be part of Indonesia was present in the spirit against Dutch colonialism and a
shared desire to become a whole nation and develop together with Indonesia. Therefore,
Indonesia's victory in the 1963’s Act is something that cannot be doubted again. The Papuan people
have proven that they want to be part of Indonesia, the country, and the nation. So, since the Act,
Papua is an inseparable part of Indonesia [11].
Separatist movements have been around since then. Many of the arguments for Separatism in Papua
according to Nainggolan (2014) are a splinter from the minority in Papua who do not accept the
results of the Act and are spread across many countries [12]. This continued even after the various
development programs that had been implemented in Papua during the New Order era. Several
groups and individuals, remnants of the pro-colonial Dutch and West still voiced freedom and
Papuan independence. Provocation issues are deliberately raised outside Papua, such as in
neighboring Australia and the Netherlands and small countries in the South Pacific [13]. The Papuan
independence political wing movement (OPM) which was founded on December 1, 1963, and
initiated by Aser Demotekay in Jayapura [14] has always disturbed and frustrated development
efforts in Papua. The purpose of this OPM is to oppose and stop Indonesia's presence in
safeguarding sovereignty and seek to establish an independent West Papua state [15].
Separatism in Papua is often a sporadic and poorly coordinated armed movement. However, in
recent years, the Papuan independence movement has developed a lot and penetrated international
campaigns as a medium to launch its actions. According to Sabir (2018), this is the result of the
observation that the armed movement is no longer effective in realizing the desired vision [16].
Therefore, an active international campaign and the bringing of sensitive issues about Papua to both
the United Nations and various countries are efforts that are now rife. The change in the separatist
movement raises concerns but also demands creativity from the Indonesian government in
resolving existing problems [17]. One of the paths chosen in this regard is the Papuan development
approach and diplomacy with countries that have been actively advocating Papuan independence.
The Geostrategy of Papuan Development
The development of Papua in the context of defense can be described as a means of strengthening
the ties between nations within the national entity to create a civilized living condition. President
Soekarno specifically designed Papua by arousing nationalism in Indonesian for the entire
Indonesian nation [18]. Thus, the development of Papua is realized not only through efforts to
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Werijon, Risman, H., & Surryanto, D. W. (2020). Developing Papua Within the Framework of Diversity: A National Defence Perspective. Advances in Social
Sciences Research Journal, 7(8) 547-560.
On March 3, 1973, President Soeharto officially opened copper mining activities with Freeport
Sulfur at Copper Pura [23], and at the same time marked the inauguration of the city of
Tembagapura. Accelerating foreign investment is President Soeharto's vision for the welfare of
Papua in the future. The movement and pulse of the economy in Papua has caught the attention of
the Indonesian people. The absorption of the local workforce, technicians, Freeport Sulfur mining
experts became mentoring for Papuan youths and other Indonesian youth. President Soeharto's
foreign investment strategy is proof of Indonesia's openness to the international world and at the
same time shows a strong will to move forward and stand on an equal footing with other nations.
President Soeharto builds Papuan prosperity by touching the hearts and winning minds of the
Papuan people, supported by a humanist security approach in concrete and constructive ways of
diversity. It takes a very hard and sustainable effort amidst the provocation of the political wing of
the OPM group to gain influence and sympathy from the international world and the armed wing of
the OPM which operates in Papua which is tasked with thwarting every implementation of
development and development results that have been initiated by the two Indonesian Presidents.
The period of national leadership in the era of reformation also gave very proud attention to the
progress of Papua province. The swift flow of change has made Indonesia open and democratic and
has a direct impact on Papua. The challenges of development in Papua, the foundations have been
well built and laid out by President Soekarno and President Soeharto, are increasingly getting
progressive resistance that is increasingly widespread by the political wings of the OPM [24] which
are also supported by Western powers who have certain desires and goals. for Papua. The armed
wing of the OPM has also received increasing technical assistance and financial assistance, although
it is not easy to prove, it is felt in the field. The challenges of national leaders from President Habibie
to President Joko Widodo are not easy in developing Papua.
The moves and attention of national leaders during the reform era were directly confronted by a
democratic culture that was very open to progress [25]. President Habibie provided a solution for
Papua, namely, the option for the broadest possible autonomy [26]. However, due to the brevity of
President Habibie's leadership, he has not made many significant changes to the development of
Papua.
The era of openness provided broad opportunities for Western interests to influence the political
and armed wing of the OPM. This became a reality when the Representatives of the Papua Council
received financial assistance by President Gus Dur to carry out the Papua Congress in October 2000
[27]. The outcome of the Papuan Congress was clear for independence, but President Gus Dur
rejected the congress decision. The OPM, which has become an armed wing and inhabits the
mountains of Papua, is increasingly attacking immigrants and the authorities.
President Megawati on October 21, 2001, decided on the Papua Special Autonomy Law No. 21 of
2001 which clarified President Megawati's stance for a more concrete and constructive
implementation of the sustainability of developing Papua in Indonesian ways without being affected
by foreign intervention. President Megawati's views and attitudes towards Papua are very local and
cultural and accept Indonesia's diversity. The author sees that the Melanesian family illustrated in
this law does not only reflect Papua in particular. The Melanesian-Indonesian family also exists in
Maluku Province, Nusa Tenggara Province which is also an inseparable part of the Republic of
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Indonesia. The frame of diversity in President Megawati's policies is the basis for the expansion of
Papua so that the implementation of accelerated social welfare can be achieved more quickly and
directly touches rural communities.
President Soesilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) has taken a different approach to Papua, his direct
approach to the heart and heart of the Papuan people has been quite successful. This important
moment for SBY to take a heart-to-heart approach was supported because in the early days of the
SBY, Papua and Aceh administrations, he experienced terrible natural disasters. Papua, especially
Nabire, was rocked by a tectonic earthquake measuring 5.9 on the Richter Scale [28]. SBY's 24 and
25 December working visits in Jayapura and Nabire (spending the night in a tent with the
community) changed the demands of the Papuan people from demands for independence to
requests for humanity. SBY's touch of humanity and the absorption of the aspirations of the Papuan
people to develop Papua are renewed through SBY's emphasis by synergizing the development of
Papua based on various strategies of the ministries/agencies which are integrated through the
Presidential Instruction (Inpres). Presidential Instruction No. 5 of 2007 dated May 16, 2007 [29]
issued by SBY for Papua aims to provide a large portion of regional infrastructure development,
education, health, the people's economy, and food security as well as strengthening the Papua’s
special autonomy law.
SBY also takes a security approach in the concept of state defense based on the mandate of the 1945
NRI Law Article 30 [30]. The explanation of the paragraphs in article 30 of the 1945 NRI Law
describes the following; paragraph (1) every citizen has the right to protect, defend and defend
independence; paragraph (2) national defense and security efforts are carried out through a
universal people's defense system with the Indonesian National Army and the National Police as the
main force, and the people as the supporting force; in paragraph (4) describes the function of POLRI
to maintain security and public order. The planning for the placement of elements of the TNI and
POLRI is the main reason for President SBY to balance the implementation of programs to accelerate
the development of Papua. The addition of one regional military command (KODAM-KASUARI) in
West Papua [31], the inauguration of the 3rd Naval Fleet and 3rd Marine Base in Sorong and the
placement of 3rd Air Force Operation Command in Biak as well as new office police of West Papua
in Manokwari which supervising nine district police.
President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) exemplified himself as a good commander in chief in developing
Papua, without reducing the meaning and work of previous Leaders. The visit and inspection of
President Joko Widodo, which has been held 13 times in five years [32] reflect the implementation
of national programs and strategies that have been initiated by Soekarno, Soeharto, Habibie,
Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati, and SBY. President Jokowi's predecessor has laid the foundations
for building Papua and safeguarding Papuan sovereignty with all forms of challenges and different
threats in his era and during his leadership.
A populist approach that is carried out with a very touching Javanese culture, has its meaning in the
hearts and minds of the Papuan people. President Jokowi has also strengthened the concept of
defense that faces outward (directly facing the direction of the threat). The concentration of defense
reinforcement centered on Java was transferred to Papua. As the holder of the highest power over
the TNI as stated in article 10 of the 1945 NRI Law, President Jokowi has made a defense policy by
forming the Joint Regional Defense Command (KOGABWILHAN), which is divided into 3 regions
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Sciences Research Journal, 7(8) 547-560.
[33]. KOGABWILHAN I, II, III is discussed in Government Regulation (PP) No. 62/2016 and it is
decided to be operational based on Presidential Decree No. 27/2019, by combining the three forces
of Land, Sea, and Air. KOGABWILHAN III is domiciled in Biak and has land, sea, and air operating
areas around Maluku, North Maluku, Papua, and ALKI IIIB and IIIC and the surrounding waters.
Some say that Papua is President Jokowi's golden child, but the strategic commitment he made was
to catch up with Papua's other Indonesian citizens. The central government has rolled out more
than Rp. 100 trillion for infrastructure development in [34], greater than the Freeport tax of Rp. 20
trillion. The 43,330-kilometers Trans-Papua road project connecting West Papua and Papua [35],
from Sorong to Merauke is President Jokowi's prestigious and ambitious project to open and boost
the economy of Papua and West Papua and has been inaugurated in 2018. The Papuan’s pride in the
Yutefa bridge construction project serves as a tourism icon for Papua [36]. The Hamadi-Holtekam
Bridge stretches across Youtefa Bay connecting Jayapura City with Muara Tami District, cutting
travel time from 2.5 hours to 60 minutes. The construction of electricity facilities for Papua and
West Papua is the answer to the lack of electricity supply in the two provinces.
President Jokowi built 6 electricity facilities [37], including Hydro Power Plant (PLTA) 2x10 MW
Orya Genyem, 2x1 25 MW Mini Hydro Prafi, High Voltage Transmission Cable 70 kilo Volt Genyem- Waena- Jayapura along a 174-kilometer circuit, SUTT 70 kilo Volt Holtekamp-Jayapura along 43.4
kilometers of the circuit. Construction of the Waena-Sentani 20 Megavolt Ampere substation and
the Jayapura 20 Megavolt Ampere substation. Development of Sentani Airport facilities from class I
airport to international airport. Construction of the 1,098 Km Indonesia-Papua New Guinea border
road [38], which reflects the display window of Indonesia's face with neighboring countries.
With a diversity-building approach like this, it provides tangible results that simultaneously reduce
separatist movements and opinions, both in the form of an armed movement that is getting smaller
and pressed, as well as a decline in separatist political activity in international forums with
increasing international trust in the Indonesian Government which is considered to be able to
protect the people's sovereignty on Papua.
The transformation of the accelerated development of Papua by President Jokowi must be
supported by the integration of Indonesia's diversity in seeing Papua. The patriarchal Papuan
kinship pattern is very appropriate to be touched by the kinship patterns that exist in many ethnic
groups in Indonesia. The thick touch of kinship and brotherhood will be a positive and constructive
explosion to accelerate the transformation of knowledge and accelerate development in Papua.
The explanation above has elaborated in an elaborative manner the contestation of development
facts used to convince the Papuan people as part of the Indonesian Nation. The explanation related
to defense theory rests on Papua as the nation's integrative power, where their hearts and minds
must unite with the Indonesian nation. Development with a diversity identity is the keyword in
strengthening the Papuan people as a national defense force in nationalistic ties. (nationalistic
bonds). With development, it is used as a means to build a mutual trust construction for the Papuan
people as the nation's children. With this approach, we can strengthen and make Papua strong for
Indonesia and Indonesia for Papua. This is a conceptual tool that can be developed to strengthen
Papua as part of strengthening national defense in a broader context, without discussing in detail
about security, military operations and others that can have negative connotations. Winning the
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hearts and minds of the Papuan people is a fundamental strategy in constructing the mutual trust
of the Papuan people over the Indonesian Government and Nation, and collateral can be a strategy
in reducing the natural-gradual understanding of separatism.
Defence Approach in Papua
The presence of the Indonesian military (TNI) in Papua forges the sovereignty of national law [39].
The provocation of the presence to maintain sovereignty in Papua lack of strong reasons since
Papua is part of Indonesia. Papua has a permanent legal status and applied internationally because
Papua is part of the former Dutch colonial colony [40]. Papua also has a permanent legal status as
the result of the Act on August 2, 1969 [41] which supports joining Indonesia and the Draft
Resolution of the UN General Assembly which votes for the status of Papua. As a result, 84 votes
were in favor of Indonesia, none rejected, and 30 votes abstained [42].
In addition, it is necessary to remember that in the context of granting special autonomy and
development of disadvantaged areas, it is a means and strategy in increasing the trust of the Papuan
people in the Central Government. Development with a diversity approach that gives more positive
results increasingly wins the hearts and minds of the Papuan people, which increases the level of
mutual trust in nationalistic ties and also collective security [43] is important to secure peace and
stability against the separatism in Papua. This is a concrete step towards developing diversity as a
national defense strategy in protecting Papua and the sovereignty of the Papuan.
The addition of the strengthening of the TNI and POLRI in Papua in the concept of national defense
is also strengthened by Law No.3/2002 about national defense. The Ministry of Defense is, of course,
a strategic apparatus in implementing Law No.3/2002, while the TNI is at the operational level
which is also the main component supported by the reserve and supporting components. Article 1
paragraph (1) in the general provisions clearly and defines national defense. Paragraph (2) gives
the meaning of a universal defense system, meaning that it will always involve all citizens, national
resources by being prepared early so that all forms of threats can be anticipated and overcome
before they occur (including threats to independence from the Republic of Indonesia), there is a
task contained in the words of anticipation, namely action or preventive action. Paragraph (2) is
also the basis for the elaboration of the main duties of the TNI in Law no. 34/2004 concerning TNI
in article 7 paragraph (1) the main task of the TNI is to uphold the sovereignty of the state, maintain
the territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution
of the Republic of Indonesia, and protect the entire nation and all Indonesian blood from threats
and disturbances. Regarding the integrity of the nation and state, this explanation can be
interpreted if an individual, a group of people, an organization wishing to violate the sovereignty of
the state will face the TNI.
Synchronization and integration of activities and activities for the implementation of the state
defense law and the tasks of the TNI will be able to run well if carried out in a coordinated command
or task force together with Ministries/Agencies that also have strategic programs in Papua.
Meanwhile, the mandate of the Papua special autonomy law will be a good platform for the
acceleration of programs that have not been touched by the central government's strategy so that
the integration of national and regional strategies will go hand in hand and do not overlap.
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Werijon, Risman, H., & Surryanto, D. W. (2020). Developing Papua Within the Framework of Diversity: A National Defence Perspective. Advances in Social
Sciences Research Journal, 7(8) 547-560.
The most important thing in the integrated approach to the context of national defense is to build
Papua still with Papuan culture and culture without leaving Indonesian culture and culture in
general. That Papua is Indonesia and Indonesia is Papua is very important. The Indonesian context
does not mean that the land of Papua is for the Papuan people only. The Indonesian context means
that the plurality of Indonesia will provide equal opportunities, equal opportunities for the
advancement of the welfare of Papua and Papuan children throughout Indonesia. The placement of
the best sons of Papua at the national level is very important in the context of the diversity of
Indonesia and the different faces of Indonesia in unity. Likewise, the placement of the best sons of
Indonesia from various provinces in Papua is no longer considered and is referred to as immigrants.
In the TNI's pluralistic organization and structure that does not recognize differences in ethnicity,
religion, and culture, it is very appropriate to approach the TNI's territorial operations approach as
the lifeblood of Papua's development acceleration which is always backed up by closed intelligence
operations (to eliminate OPM). The preparation of the defense area that is carried out must be
prepared early to maximize the unity of the TNI with the Papuan people so that the improvement
of living standards, health systems, improving the quality of education and socio-culture can run
effectively, efficiently and with direction.
The security approach in the development of Papua during the New Order era was not solely carried
out by military operations as depicted and provoked by the Western media and the pro- independence political wings of Papua [44]. At that time, the Indonesian Armed Forces (ABRI)
carried out territorial operations aimed at accelerating the ongoing development process and at the
same time protecting the sovereignty of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) from
threats and interference from OPM. Besides, territorial operations also function to restore the
situation and restore the trust and authority of local governments. Another important role of this
territorial operation is to prepare the potential of the area early in the context of national defense,
following the people's total defense and security system (Sishankamrata) which has been mandated
in the 1945 NRI Law [45].
The culture and culture of the Indonesian people that are not easily influenced and easily provoked
are of course very different from Western cultures and cultures that are open and individualistic.
These situations and conditions have made OPM take its actions outside Indonesia [46] by utilizing
non-governmental organizations by pro-independence groups outside Papua and Indonesia, which
of course are supported by the West [47]. The culture of the Indonesian nation which is patterned
to live together in cooperation is very difficult to invite to be against the legal government, including
in Papua.
The integration of the whole ministries/agencies in developing Papua is a must. The regulations
that have been regulated in the law will become a strong foundation for developing Papua. The
manifestation of foreign influence and interference that is a threat to the sovereignty of the Republic
of Indonesia in Papua is a common focus. There should no longer be bases of political power and
bases of armed resistance that are the same as OPM for Papuan independence.
CONCLUSION
The issue of Papua is a domestic problem that always received attention from Western groups who
do not want Papua to become part of Indonesia. The history of Papua has been used as an excuse
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and a tool for political struggle by groups that have long been built and nurtured by the West who
have felt defeated. The struggle of the political wing and even the armed wing in the forests and
mountains of Papua can be hampered and will even stop itself if the development of Papua can be
felt by the Papuan people within the framework of Indonesian praise over diversity. The Papuan
people will not feel marginalized from their fellow countrymen and homeland outside Papua to the
Indonesian diversity to see Papua as the youngest sibling and being reborn after being taken,
colonized, and nurtured so that it becomes an encouragement for the integrity of the Republic of
Indonesia.
The integrated development approach implemented by the central government while maintaining
the balance of development and defense architecture in Papua by regional leaders is a very strategic
concept, as well as providing a very significant deterrence impact on the existence and foreign
influences. carried out and fought by the OPM, the OPM's political wing abroad, and the OPM's
armed wing which is still operating in the forests and mountains of Papua.
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