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Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal – Vol.7, No.7
Publication Date: July 25, 2020
DOI:10.14738/assrj.77.8707.
Saraee, S., Shabani, S., & Reshetnikov, M. (2020). Survey Of Anger, Psychological Well-Being, Resilience And Social Capitals Of
Adolescents And Youth, Adults And Middle- Aged 15 To 60 (Comparative Study). Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(7) 604-
618.
Survey Of Anger, Psychological Well-Being, Resilience And Social
Capitals Of Adolescents And Youth, Adults And Middle- Aged 15 To
60 (Comparative Study)
Dr. Soheila Saraee
MD, PhD, Professor of Allame University of Iran
Dr. Somayeh Shabani
MD, PhD, Professor of Islamic Azad University of Iran.
Prof. Mikhail Reshetnikov
MD, PhD, Meritorious Scientist of Russia, East European
ABSTRACT
Background: Studies show that there are many factors that contribute
to anger, and many psychological components can lead to increased
anger management mechanisms. There are also differences in the
amount of this component based on demographic indicators in different
age groups. Therefore, considering the importance of this issue in this
study, the differences between these components in different age
groups and based on demographic indicators were investigated.
Purpose: Given the importance of demographic indicators in the
occurrence of anger indicators, psychological well-being, resilience and
social capital in this study, the purpose of this study was to compare the
anger, psychological well-being, resilience and social capital in
adolescents and youth, adults and middle-aged 15-60 years, as well as
compare these variables based on gender, marital status and levels of
education. Method: This study is a causal-comparative study and
multivariate analysis of variance (Manova) with respect to the
assumptions will be used to analyze the data. The statistical population
included adolescents and youth aged 15 to 20, adults 21 to 40, and
middle-aged 41 to 60 years. In this study, 400 individuals were selected
by random sampling. The ages of participants ranged from 15 to 60
years. There were equivalent numbers of men (n=84) and women
(n=189). More participants (n=109) were unmarried than were married
(n=94), %39.9 (unmarried), %34.4 (married) and %25.7 It has been
unanswered. Also, 34.4% of the participants were adolescents and
youth people, 34.4% were adults people and 31.1% were middle-aged
people. Also, 20.9% of the sample had undergraduate education, 22%
had a diploma degree, 24.9% had a bachelor's degree, 12.1% had a
master's degree or higher, and 20.2% had no answer. Findings: the
results showed that the difference between the three age groups in the
psychological well-being component is confirmed. based on the
adjusted averages, it can be said that with 95% confidence, the middle-
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aged group had the highest average in the psychological well-being
component. It was also revealed that there is no difference between any
of the variables of Anger variables, psychological well-being, resilience,
and social capital in the two groups of men and women. Also, there was
a difference between single and married groups is confirmed in the
components of Anger variables, Trait anger, State Anger, and
psychological well-being. Also, based on the adjusted averages, it can be
said that with 95% confidence, the single group had a higher average in
anger components than the married group and had lower psychological
well-being. Also, the results show that the difference between different
educations in the anger component is confirmed. based on the adjusted
averages, it can be said that with 95% confidence, the diploma and sub- diploma education groups have a higher average in the component of
anger than the masters and doctoral degrees. Conclusion: Aggression
and aggressive behavior in children are seen in both boys and girls,
although in girls the aggression is less physical than in boys and is
associated with less physical harm. Also, married people seem to
experience less negative emotions due to the experience of intimacy,
and therefore experience a lower level of anger and higher
psychological well-being. People with higher education also seem to
have better skills in regulating nothingness and controlling anger due to
more training.
Keywords: anger, psychological well-being, resilience, social capitals,
demographic indicators.
INTRODUCTION
Psychologists anger as the cause of much of the violence in the community and violence in society
is increasing day by day (Jentery,2006). Emotional, psychological structure that has affected all
aspects of our lives and it affected (Sarp& Tosun, 2011). Of these, anger is one of the types of
emotions that play an important role in our psychological life. Despite the prevalence of anger in
interpersonal relationships and society, there is a lack of systematic and accurate scientific research
in this area (Denson,2012). Though emotional anger is natural and sometimes useful, it also has
dangers, when anger is out of control and destructive, can lead to problems in work, interpersonal
relationships, and the livelihood of life (American Psychiatric Association (APA),2014).
Anger is a completely natural, human, and usually healthy feeling, but if it is not possible to control,
it will be destructive and can create problems in the workplace and social interactions (Lepes &
Aden, 1999). Lachman (2002); Carver & Hamon (2009) considers anger inhibition as a kind of
reduction in emotional feelings and physiological stimuli that anger has caused it. They also believe
that the object of anger inhibition is to reduce emotional feelings, restraint, anger management and
turning it into constructive behavior. According to study Wilkowski and Robinson (2008) and
Alyakline et al. (2009), anger is not an inappropriate and inaccurate sense, but if it is not controlled,
it can turn into an outbreak and lead to aggression.
One of the variables that influence on anger management is resilience. Resilience is achieving
positive results in spite of challenging conditions and threats (Zolkowski & Bullock, 2012). Not only
it refers to the ability of a person to cope with unfavorable events of life in order to maintain normal
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Saraee, S., Shabani, S., & Reshetnikov, M. (2020). Survey Of Anger, Psychological Well-Being, Resilience And Social Capitals Of Adolescents And Youth,
Adults And Middle- Aged 15 To 60 (Comparative Study). Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(7) 604-618.
psychosocial function, but also includes the ability to continue the growth and express the
capacities, knowledge, insights, and virtues derived by meeting the desires and challenges of the
individual world (nakashima & Kanda,2005). Resilience is defined as positive mental capacity to
return to the first place, namely return to before hardship, uncertainty, conflict and failure or even
positive change, progression and increased responsibility (Siu & wong, 2000). Regarding aspects of
growth, resilience may vary in different situations, times and individuals (Horuani, Bender Weimer,
Peeler, Lane, Lerson, 2012).
Resilience is the ability of a person to establish a bio psychological balance against risky conditions
and a person with high resilience has optimism and intellectual flexibility in transforming problems
to opportunity for learning and growth, such a person has perseverance and self-esteem, a healthy
social network, the ability to increase emotional capabilities, and on the other hand, the ability to
solve problems and conflicts (rustam oghli, talebi joybari & porzor, 2016). However, the resilience
is partly dependent on personal characteristics and peripheral experience of individuals. (Noone,
Hastings, 2009).
Many studies have examined the relationship between resilience and anger, for example in a study
entitled The Mediating Role of Resilience in the Relationship Between Perceived Parenting Styles
and Anger Management Results demonstrate Resilience was a positive predictor of anger
management and played a mediator role between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles
and anger management (Azarnioshan, Naderi, Shojaee & Asghariganji,2019). In another study
entitled Effectiveness of Anger Management Training in Reducing Aggressive Behavior and
Improving Resilience among Children with Hearing Disability at Amman The results indicate the
high efficiency of the anger management training program in reducing aggressive behavior and
improving resilience among children with hearing disabilities (Almakanin & Alkhawaldeh,2019).
Another of the variables discussed in this research is social capital. Essentially, humans in
interacting with others to meet their needs and do things. The effects of these actions and conflicts
and their role is to such an extent that its removal makes life impossible. Many social scientists have
used the concept of social capital since the 1990s to understand social interactions (Coleman,1988,
Bourdieu,1984, Fukuyama, 1982, Putnam, 1995). Pantum believes that the main idea of social
capital is that the family, friends, and colleagues constitute very important assets that one person
can use in critical situations (tavasoli & mosavi, 2006).
Brian Turner believes that social capital supports people against acute depression and stress so
decrease of it will make people vulnerable to negative psychological states. Accordingly, it can be
assumed that social capital can act as a shield and protective against stress, depression, anxiety,
aggression and different violence (saadati, 2011).
In study entitled Social Capital and Adolescent Violent Behavior Where the Correlation between
Fighting and Weapon Use among Secondary School Students is examined Results demonstrate the
importance of social capital factors across domains as significant resources moderating violence
outcomes, especially parent-child relationships and school affiliation (Wright, Fitzpatrick,2006). In
another study with entitled Coercion, Social Support, and Crime, Results demonstrate coercion
causes crime and social support prevents crime (Colvin, , Cullen, & Vander ven, 2006).
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On the other hand, anger also has psychological consequences for individuals, including the
reduction of psychological well-being. Psychological well-being is the ability to reach the latent
talents of people at a young age that is the basis of formation and development of talent (narimani,
yousefi & lazemi,2015). In recent years, a group of mental health researchers have chosen a
different theoretical and research approach to explain this concept. They considered mental health
as a positive psychological function and conceptualized it in the form of the term (psychological
well-being). With anger management you can have a positive influence on psychological well-being
(orang, 2019).
In a study entitled Investigation of the Effect of Intolerance of Uncertainty and the effect of Anger
Control on the Relationship between Forgiveness and Psychological Well-Being through Structural
Equation Modelling Was shown Increase of tendency to forgiveness also increases anger control
level and it was found that this mediates the effect of tendency to forgiveness on Psychological well- being (KOÇ, Iskender, Çolak& Düşünceli,2016).
Several studies have examined the differences in people's anger and psychological well-being with
demographic indicators, for example, in a study entitled Age, anger regulation and well-being Was
shown age improvements in quality of life were explained by variance in anger regulation indicating
that improved management of emotions with age is an important factor in maintaining well-being
in old age (Philips, Henry, Hosie & Milne,2007).
Also in another study entitled The relationship between adult health and childhood maltreatment,
as moderated by anger and ethnic background Was shown from a series of multiple regressions
indicated anger and total childhood maltreatment were robust predictors of poorer health (Rapoza,
Kimberly, Wilson, Denise,2014).
On the other hand, the variables of age, gender and education are also related to anger. In a study
entitled Age and Gender Differences in Adults' Descriptions of Emotional Reactions to Interpersonal
Problems Results demonstrate Adolescents and young adults were more likely than older adults to
describe anger. Adolescents and young adults also reported more intense aversive responses than
older adults. Women rated their distress as more intense than men. With the exception of middle- aged and oldest-old adults, women reported that they experienced distress for a longer duration
than men (Birditt, Fingerman,2003).
Also one study, by scientists at Southwest Missouri State University, who surveyed around 200 men
and women, suggested that women were as angry and acted on their anger as frequently as men.
The main difference they identified was that men felt less effective when forced to contain their
anger, while women seemed better able to control immediate impulsive responses to anger (Devlin,
2019).Also in research entitled Functional Limitations and Psychological Distress that Marital
Status was as Moderator The effect of marital status on anger has been investigated and it has been
determined that marriage weakens the relationship between functional limitations and depression
.This research shows that marriage may benefit mental health by preventing the deleterious effects
of chronic stressors(Bierman,2012).
Also Gupta (2008) in book Anger Management Noted that in a study based on marital status
(married and unmarried), there are differences in the indicators of anger trait, anger mood, anger
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Saraee, S., Shabani, S., & Reshetnikov, M. (2020). Survey Of Anger, Psychological Well-Being, Resilience And Social Capitals Of Adolescents And Youth,
Adults And Middle- Aged 15 To 60 (Comparative Study). Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(7) 604-618.
response and cognitive anger. And in general, the findings showed that women who did not receive
support had higher anger scores.
Given the importance of demographic indicators in the occurrence of anger indicators,
psychological well-being, resilience and social capital in this study, the purpose of this study was to
compare the anger, psychological well-being, resilience and social capital in adolescents and youth,
adults and middle aged 15-60 years, as well as compare these variables based on gender, marital
status and levels of education.
Hypothesis:
• There is significant difference between Anger variables, psychological well-being, resilience
and social capitals in adolescents, youth, adults and middle aged 15-60 years.
• There is significant difference between Anger variables, psychological well-being, resilience
and social capitals among men and women aged 15-60 years.
• There is significant difference between Anger variables, psychological well-being, resilience
and social capital among singles and married people.
• There is significant difference between Anger variables, psychological well-being, resilience
and social capitals among people with different educational backgrounds.
METHOD
This study is a causal- comparative study and a multivariate analysis of variance (Manova) with
respect to the assumptions will be used to analyze the data. Data were also analyzed using SPSS24
software.
Statistical population, sample and sampling method
The statistical population included adolescents and youth aged 15 to 20, adults 21 to 40 and middle- aged 41 to 60 years. In this study, 400 individuals were selected by random sampling method
including 3 groups of adolescents and youth, adults and middle-aged people. Among the distributed
questionnaires, after removing the incomplete questionnaires, 273 questionnaires were collected
and analyzed. Ages of participants ranged from 15 to 60 years. There were equivalent numbers of
men (n=84) and women (n=189). More participants (n=109) were unmarried than were married
(n=94), %39.9 (unmarried), %34.4 (married) and %25.7 It has been unanswered. Also, 34.4% of
the participants were adolescents and youth people, 34.4% were adults people and 31.1% were
middle-aged people. Also, 20.9% of the sample had undergraduate education, 22% had a diploma
degree, 24.9% had a bachelor's degree, 12.1% had a master's degree or higher, and 20.2% had no
answer.
Measuring instrument
The instruments are including The Spielberger State -Trait Anger Inventory, Ryff scale psychological
well-being (RSPWB), Rafiei social capital inventory (2007) and Conner-Davidson resilience scale.
Ryff scale psychological well-being has 18 options and 6 subtests. The subject is asked to judge
himself on one of the options 1 to 6, completely opposed, partly opposed, slightly opposed, slightly
agreeable, partly agreeable and fully agreeable. Higher score is a sign of better psychological well- being. The numbers 3-5-9-10-13-16-17 is scored reversely. The psychometric features of this
questionnaire show that the reliability and validity of psychological well-being scales have been
reported in several studies. The internal consistency coefficient of the sub-scales of short form of
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Saraee, S., Shabani, S., & Reshetnikov, M. (2020). Survey Of Anger, Psychological Well-Being, Resilience And Social Capitals Of Adolescents And Youth,
Adults And Middle- Aged 15 To 60 (Comparative Study). Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(7) 604-618.
Entry criteria
The criteria for entering the research are included the degree of education (at least diploma), age,
satisfaction for responding and the ability to understand inventory and questions. Exit criteria are
refusal to cooperation, inability to understand questions and communicate with researchers.
Ethically, researchers need to get people's consent for cooperation and provide them with
information about the purpose of research. People, s name will not be asked and the researchers
will note that the questionnaires will be used only for the intended research.
FINDINGS
Descriptive Findings of Research Variables
In this section, we examine descriptive statistics in three groups: adolescents and youth, adults,
middle-aged people, and the whole sample.
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of research variables in three age groups and total sample
Skewness Kurtosis Standard
deviation Group Mean
State Anger 22.41 8.95 2.05 2.47
Adolescents
and Youth
Trait anger 19.38 6.35 0.58 0.10
Anger Expressing 34.75 7.76 0.11 -0.08
Anger control 42.15 12.25 0.05 -0.64
Resilience 81.91 21.40 -0.67 0.52
Psychological well-being 70.75 8.97 0.33 -0.01
Social capital 89.26 19.35 0.38 -0.18
State Anger 19.66 7.51 2.73 2.48
Trait anger 19.86 5.34 0.42 -0.07
Adults
Anger Expressing 35.03 5.66 -0.10 -0.44
Anger control 44.53 9.99 0.15 -0.86
Resilience 87.60 17.77 -0.07 -0.65
Psychological well-being 74.94 9.67 -0.16 -0.65
Social capital 90.99 15.67 0.23 -0.27
State Anger 19.33 5.71 1.82 2.78
Trait anger 18.27 5.18 1.17 2.12
Middle-aged
Anger Expressing 33.74 6.72 1.00 1.48
Anger control 45.58 10.51 -0.17 -0.81
Resilience 90.21 18.78 -0.31 -0.58
Psychological well-being 75.76 10.86 -0.25 -0.37
Social capital 88.92 16.98 0.35 -0.09
Total
State Anger 20.51 7.66 2.36 2.15
Trait anger 19.20 5.68 0.68 0.43
Anger Expressing 34.53 6.76 0.32 0.31
Anger control 44.04 11.03 -0.05 -0.67
Resilience 86.45 19.63 -0.47 0.21
Psychological well-being 73.75 10.04 0.01 -0.52
Social capital 89.75 17.37 0.31 -0.15
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The results of the table 1 show that in the component of psychological well-being, the lowest
average is related to the adolescent group.
Statistical analysis of research hypotheses
In this study, the Anger variables, psychological well-being, resilience and social capital in three
groups of adolescents and youth, adults and middle-aged and other demographic variables were
examined. And the hypotheses are designed according to the research topic, which is used to
measure multivariate analysis of variance, and SPSS24 statistical software is used in all stages of the
research.
In using parametric statistical methods, the test assumptions must first be verified; Therefore, first,
the assumptions of analysis of variance "Data independence, the normality of the dependent
variable, homogeneity of variances" are examined.
ASSUMPTIONS OF VARIANCE ANALYSIS
Independence of Data
Being independent means that the score of each individual in the accompanying and dependent
variable is independent of the scores of all other subjects. This condition was met because the
subjects' answers to the questions were not influenced by the other subjects.
Test the normality of data distribution
It recommends a general criterion for the normality of a single variable
If the Skewness and Kurtosis are not in the range (3, -3), the data will not have a normal distribution.
Based on the data in Table 1, it is clear that the index of curvature and elongation of any of the
markers is not outside the range (3, -3) and therefore they can be considered normal or normal
approximation.
Homogeneity of variance
To investigate this assumption, Levine test was used, the results of which are listed in Table 2.
Table 2: Levine F test to check the homogeneity of variances in three age groups
Statistics of variables Df1 Df2 F Sig
State Anger 270 2 2.022 0.134
Trait anger 270 2 1.969 0.142
Anger Expressing 270 2 1.969 0.142
Anger control 270 2 2.054 0.13
Resilience 270 2 0.511 0.601
Psychological well-being 270 2 0.428 0.652
Social capital 270 2 0.428 0.652
According to Table 2, the homogeneity of variances assumption is valid for all variables (p> 0.05).
Homogeneity of covariance matrix
The standard method for evaluating the equivalence of covariance matrices is the M box test, in
which a significance of less than 0.05 is considered a Heterogeneity or inequality index.