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Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal – Vol. 10, No. 11
Publication Date: November 25, 2023
DOI:10.14738/assrj.1011.14276.
Afroje, S., & Ashik, S. A. I. (2023). Migration Problem: Reasons, Impacts and Way to Overcome. Advances in Social Sciences Research
Journal, 10(11). 267-276.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Migration Problem: Reasons, Impacts and Way to Overcome
Sahariya Afroje
Dept. of International Relation
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
Syod Ahsanul Islam Ashik
Dept. of International Relation
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
ABSTRACT
The world is currently confronted with multidimensional challenges, migration
problem, more specifically, illegal migration, is one of the most remarkable among
them. People are being migrated to relatively safe, secure, and prosperous places
from unsafe, insecure and poorer placeseither for better income, better life, better
education or for security purpose. Whatever reason, migration, mostly the illegal
migration are creation enormous problems in both the home countriesand the host
countries. The aim of the study is to analysis the reasons for the growing rate of
migration, its impacts, and potential ways to overcome the challenges. The study is
mainly based on secondary sources of data and information including scientific and
academic journals, scholar articles, research papers, books, and other relevant
sources to make a deep analysis. The study recommends ‘Absolute Globalization’, an
absolute integration of global economic, education, political, and social institutions
where regionalism will be the cornerstone of the integration, as the way to confront
the challenges.
INTRODUCTION
Migration, mostly the illegal migration has become a sensitive and contentious topic for years.
Toescape from poverty, catastrophes, violence, warfare or environmental disaster, peoples
are beingmigrated worldwide and the rate of illegal migration problem is growing rapidly
globally. As it’sa structural rather than cyclical phenomenon, whatever the method applied,
migration problem can’t be stopped. As of 2021, 281 million people (3.58% of the world’s
population) live outside the country of their birth. In 1970 about 2% of the world’s 3.7 billion
people lived overseas (UNHCR 2017). This figure is incrementally increasing due to a wide
range of reasons including inequality, poverty, climate change, warfare, violence and the
interconnectivity that facilitates themovement of people. Migration problem is the growing
challenges the world is currently confronted with. Its human tangency is to move to relatively
safe, secure, and prosperous places from unsafe, insecure and poorer places. Butthis tendency
has become enormous challenges for the whole world during lastseveral decades. Peoples,
mostly from developing and list developed countries, are being migrating to developed and
industrial countries for various purposes including economic, education, security, and
employment reasons. They are being migrated from one country to other countries in many
ways, sometimes in very risky ways. They are also taking risk of live for this migration practice
in which casualties are common phenomenon.
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Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal (ASSRJ) Vol. 10, Issue 11, November-2023
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
The study is to analysis the growing problems of the illegal migration, its reasons, impacts,
and potential ways to overcome the challenges and recommends ‘Absolute Globalization’, an
absoluteintegration of global economic, education, political, and social institutions where
regionalism willbe the cornerstone of the integration, as the way to confront the challenges.
Moreover, co-operationand collaboration between developed and developing countries with
resources, technology, technical, political and policies factors have also been recommended
and a framework and mechanism have been developed regarding this.
OBJECTIVE AND MAIN TASKS OF THE RESEARCH
The main objective of the study is analyzing the main reasons for illegal migration and develop
amechanism and framework to overcome the problem. Taking into account of the above
objectivethe main tasks of the study are the following:
• to examine the migration problem the world is currently confronted with;
• to identify the socio-economic impacts of the migration problem
• to detect the major reasons behind of it
• to develop a mechanism and framework to solve the problem in sustainable way.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
This is the statement that migration problem is one of the most remarkable challenges the
world iscurrently confronted with. The problem is being reasons for more relevant problems
like crime rate acceleration, human trafficking, smuggling etc. The proposed system of
measures is to minimize the irregular migration problem and bring socio-economic
development.
THE STATISTICAL INFORMATION BASE OF THE STUDY
The statistical information base of the study is compiled by official materials of the Agency for
statistics under the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh; data of international
organizations including World Bank, IMF and ADB, scientific publications and articles,
analyticalmaterials of international expert associations and internet resources.
LITERATURE REVIEW
In order to structure the review of the literature dealing with the causes and drivers of
migration Iapply a theoretical framework proposed by Timmerman, De Clerck, Hemmerechts,
and Willems (2014); and Timmerman et al. (2010). Their framework is inspired by Carling’s
(2002) definitionof the emigration environment, which is influenced by the social, political
and economic context and which sees migration as a socially and culturally constructed
project with micro- and macro- level influences. Timmerman et al. (2010) and Timmerman et
al. (2014) extend these ideas and establish the emigration environment in which perceptions
and the migration aspirations are formed by macro-, meso- and micro-level determinants and
within which the decision to move istaken. Based on this framework, I then study factors
influencing peoples’ decision to move and suggest adding interactions between the three
levels;the importance of a macro-level factor – suchas economic opportunities – is likely to be
sensitive to meso-level factors, such as networks (that can facilitate jobs) or to micro-level
factors, such as educational level (affecting employability). This stresses the complexity of
factors at hand, which cannot be unilaterally linked to the categories ofmigratorymovements.
The interaction of factors subsequently affects the perceptionsand aspirations of a potential
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Afroje, S., & Ashik, S. A. I. (2023). Migration Problem: Reasons, Impacts and Way to Overcome. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 10(11).
267-276.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.1011.14276
migrant. The macro-level refers to factors that are common to all potential migrants in a
particular country,such as the socio-economic and political context or migration governance
and policies of origin and destination countries, regions or other entities (for instance, EU
mandates). The meso-level encompasses sub-national or local factors, including networks or
cultural reasons. Individual and household characteristics of potential migrants, such as
gender, age, educational level, and socialstatus, as well as behavioral factors, such as risk
aversion, are part of the micro-level. The framework does not suggest a hierarchy between the
three different levels. In the literature, ithas been put forward that macro-level factors play a
dominant role, while meso- and micro-level determinants tend to be seen as intermediaries.
While this review also recognizes that macro-levelfactors are highly important and micro- level factors are less of a cause and rather a mediator, a general hierarchy across levels is,
however, still up to empirics to decide and a systematic assessment thereof might provide an
interesting future research question. Apart from the variety of determinants that influence a
person’s perception and aspirations to migrate, it is also importantto consider their capability
to actually do so. People can only move if they have the appropriate agency and opportunity
structures at their disposal (de Haas et al., 2018; Timmerman et al., 2014).They need to have
access to social, human and financial capital to realize their migration aspirations (de Haas,
2010; de Haas et al., 2018). It has been increasingly noted that, when studyingmigratory
movements, one should consider people’s capabilities and aspirations jointly (Carling, 2002;
de Haas, 2003). These are influenced at the micro-, meso- and macro-levels and only once they
are taken into account might one be able to explain the individual differences seen in the
migration reality. Capabilities and aspirations are not equally distributed across societies and
are subject to change over time and place as they are inter alia influenced by the determinants
at the three different levels, which are not constant (Timmerman et al., 2014; Van Mol, Snel,
Hambrecht’s, & Timmerman, 2018).
GLOBAL MIGRATION PORTAL
As people’s tendency is to move to relatively safe, secure and prosper areas-due to increasing
social-economic and political instability and growing distance between reach and poor
countries,the global migration is accelerating gradually. As of2020 there are about 281 million
migrants globally, representing almost 5% of world’s totalpopulation (7.8 billion). Women
represent 70 million of all international migrate workers, accountfor 42% of the international
migrate workers. On the contrary, nearly 60 million people have been internally migrants.
Much of this happened due to labor or family migration. The share of the total global
population against international migration is also incriminating, stands at 3.6% in 2020, up
from 3.2% a decade earlier and 2.6% in 1960.
Table 1: Statistic for Global Migration
No. Country (Million) % of total
population
Male
(Million)
Female
(Million)
1 Tota migration 281 3.6% 146 136
2 Migrate
workers
169 4.9% (of total
workforces)
58.5% 41.5%
Source: Pew Research Center Analysis of United Nations Economic and Social Affairs 2020 International Migrant
Data