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Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal – Vol. 10, No. 1
Publication Date: January 25, 2023
DOI:10.14738/assrj.101.13852.
Fadwa, R. M. S., Ziyad, S. A., Riadh, K., Sabri, G. C., & Imen, A. (2023). The Impact of Using “Revoring Exercise" to Learn Breaststroke
for Female Students. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Vol - 10(1). 376-389.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
The Impact of Using “Revoring Exercise" to Learn Breaststroke
for Female Students
Fadwa, R. M. S.
Higher Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
/ Kasr Al-Saeed
Ziyad, S. A.
College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences,
University of Tikrit
Riadh, K.
Research Unit (UR17JS01) « Sport Performance, Health & Society»,
Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd,
University of "La Manouba", Tunis, Tunisia
Sabri, G. C.
Research Unit (UR17JS01) « Sport Performance, Health & Society»,
Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd,
University of "La Manouba", Tunis, Tunisia
Imen, A.
Research Unit (UR17JS01) « Sport Performance, Health & Society»,
Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saîd,
University of "La Manouba", Tunis, Tunisia
ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the effects of an educational program using "revoring
exercise" on female students at Palestine Technical University/Ramallah
Khadouri's branch learning to swim breaststroke. An experimental strategy was
used. The sample contained (20) female students chosen intentionally, divided into
two groups, one experimental and the other control, each with (10) students. The
population was made up of (28) female third- and fourth-year physical education
college students. The final breaststroke performance evaluation form and the
teaching program based on the Revoring Exercise were employed as research
materials.The instructional program was implemented over the course of (8) weeks
and consisted of (3) teaching units, each lasting (90) minutes. Data analysis was
performed using SPSS. The experimental group members' skill performance in
breaststroke swimming improved as a result of the educational program employing
revoring exercise, which produced learning abilities in breaststroke skills,
according to the results. Based on the findings, the researchers advise using
reviewing exercises to teach students how to move while studying other forms of
swimming for other sports during practical lessons in physical education colleges.
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Fadwa, R. M. S., Ziyad, S. A., Riadh, K., Sabri, G. C., & Imen, A. (2023). The Impact of Using “Revoring Exercise" to Learn Breaststroke for Female
Students. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Vol - 10(1). 376-389.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.101.13852
INTRODUCTION
Males and females of all sexes participate in swimming at various ages in a variety of sporting
events and activities. Additionally, as playing in the water is a well-liked method for motion
development, everyone should be able to swim and understand its varied techniques at a young
age.Teach your kids horseback riding, swimming, and archery, the Commander of the Faithful
Omar Ibn Al-Khattab advised (Ashqar, 2019; Abu Tame'a, 2015). In order to improve a person's
competence, physically, emotionally, socially, and psychologically, swimming utilizes the water
medium by integrating the movements of the arms, legs, and other body components. Teaching
the four swimming strokes is part of educational swimming (i.e. crawling on the stomach, back,
breaststroke, and butterfly swimming). Building an educational program is a crucial basis for
advancing to the upper levels of swimming.
Al-Abd (2020) and Watanabe (2021) reported that breaststroke swimming is one of the most
popular swims for recreational swimming, rescue work, and diving in the water. However, it is
also one of the most challenging swims because the arms and legs must work together precisely,
and there is a lot of water resistance when performing it. This makes moving the body forward
difficult, especially if learning breaststroke swimming during the university stage. In this stage,
the teacher's "trainer" role effectively involves explaining the value of swimming and how
easily it can be learned, building a trusting relationship with the student, and preventing the
student from encountering situations that might increase their level of fear or give them
incorrect impressions about swimming.
When researchers examine how swimming is taught in the academic setting, they observe that
it depends on the direct method, in which the teacher explains the ability that is taught and
models it or demonstrates it through one of the students who excels in performance. Recitation
and indoctrination are key components of theoretical education. Although this method has
certain benefits, it restricts the student's participation and involvement during lectures, which
defeats the purpose of reaching the cognitive, skilled, and emotional educational objectives and
obtaining effective learning (Postolnic, 2022).
Abu Tame’a (2016) and Muhammad (2022) indicated that the use of auxiliary tools is an
important part of teaching motor skills in swimming to improve the educational process. It
helps the correct and complete acquisition of movement and the development of motor skills.
The tools make the focus of the learner on the skills to be learned, and the tools also help in
breaking the barrier of fear and overcoming it, in addition to their role in helping the learner to
diversify learning styles, as they are considered among the important educational factors that
stimulate the learner’s tendencies to reach the best performance (Sukiri, 2017). Thus, the
current study will build an educational program using "revoring exercise" to explore its impact
on learning breaststroke for female students. The main aim of this study is to identify the effect
of the educational program using "Revoring Exercise" on learning breaststroke among female
students of Palestine Technical University.
Research Problem
The sport of swimming is based on many skills, which form the basis of human movement in
the water, and by observing researchers and showing them many sources and studies, in
addition to their work in teaching the swimming course, they see that the learning process
depends on explanation only and then performance as a model for application, and this method
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Educational methods do not keep pace with modern educational methods in the field of
swimming learning. The researchers have noticed through their practical experiences in
teaching swimming the poor technical performance of swimmers, especially breaststroke.
The researchers also realized that most swimming teachers do not focus on the technical
aspects and the motor path of body parts during the performance stage. For beginners and
trying to reach the highest levels of quality, and due to the fact that breaststroke is a slow swim
because the human body is exposed to greater resistances, which impedes the flow in the water.
They noticed that there is a shortcoming in the speed of learning and mastery of breaststroke
swimming among female students, hence the idea of teaching breaststroke swimming to
physical education students using the (Revoring) tool. Abu Tameh (2015) confirms that the use
of aids contributes to a high degree in the learner’s ability to quickly learn and master
swimming skills, and also contributes to learning skills in less time than required (Yasunori
Watanabe, 2021). Therefore, the problem of the study is limited to answering the following
main question: What is the effect of an educational program using "Revoring Exercise" on
breaststroke learning for female students?
Research Hypothesis
The following three null - hypotheses were formulated and tested.
The first hypothesis (H1): There are no statistically significant differences at the level of
significance (α ≤ 0.05) between the means of the pre and post measurements of the skillful
performance of breaststroke swimming among female students of the experimental group.
The second hypothesis (H2): There are no statistically significant differences at the level of
significance (α ≤ 0.05) between the means of the pre and post measurements of the skillful
performance of breaststroke swimming among the students of the control group.
The third hypothesis (H3): There are no statistically significant differences at the level of
significance (α ≤ 0.05) in the average post-measurement of the skillful performance of
breaststroke swimming between the students of the experimental and control groups.
Research Contributions
The theoretical and practical aspects of this research will benefit. Understanding the Impact of
Using "revoring exercise" to Learn Breaststroke for Female Students in the Palestine Context is
the research's contribution to academic activities. Additionally, this study fills a gap left by the
few previous studies in this field. Additionally, supplying researchers and educators with the
crucial knowledge they require on the effects of employing aids when learning and perfecting
the breaststroke. For practical contribution , this study helps to develop students, exploit their
potential and unload their energies in an optimal way to advance the sport of swimming, also ,
benefiting from this study in learning other swimming skills.
LITERATURE REVIEW
A study by Watanabe (2021) entitled "effectiveness of floatation aids attached to the pelvis and
thighs for beginner swimmers" aimed to verify the effectiveness of wearing floatation aids in
addition to buoyancy aids to the side of the thigh on swimming performance for beginners who
were able to swim about 25 meters at a time. The study used the experimental method on a
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Fadwa, R. M. S., Ziyad, S. A., Riadh, K., Sabri, G. C., & Imen, A. (2023). The Impact of Using “Revoring Exercise" to Learn Breaststroke for Female
Students. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Vol - 10(1). 376-389.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.101.13852
sample of (7) university students in the Faculty of Physical Education who do not have prior
experience. The results show that there is a statistically significant difference between the use
of buoyancy aids and without aids in favor of the experimental group.
A study by Saleh (2020), entitled “the effect of an educational program using modified "Tabata"
exercises on some harmonious physical abilities and the level of skill performance for
breaststroke swimming), aimed to identify the effect of an educational program using modified
"Tabata" exercises on some harmonious physical abilities and the level of skillful performance
of breaststroke swimming among Female students of the second year at the Faculty of Physical
Education - Alexandria University. The study used the experimental approach. The sample
included (40) students. The results revealed that the improvement of the skillful performance
of breaststroke swimming in favor of the telemetry of the control group, and the improvement
of harmonious physical abilities in favor of the experimental group.
A study by Matar (2020), titled “the effect of special exercises using teaching aids to learn the
skill of breaststroke swimming for ages (8-10) years), which aimed to prepare special exercises
using teaching aids appropriate to the capabilities of the research sample, and to know their
impact on learning the breaststroke skill, The researchers used the experimental method for a
sample of (12) children from Baraem Al-Sulaikh House for Orphans in Rusafa, whose ages
ranged from (8-10) years. Among the most important results of the study: There are significant
differences in learning breaststroke between the experimental and control groups, in favor of
the experimental group.
A study (Ashkar, 2019) entitled (The effectiveness of the (Hydro Hip) tool in improving the
movement of the arms and the numerical level of breaststroke), which aimed to determine the
effect of the effectiveness of the (Hydro Hip) tool in improving the movement of the arms and
the timing of movement. The two researchers used the experimental approach on a sample of
Among (36) swimmers with defects in the movement of the arms from the 15th of May Club for
juniors, and the most important results of the study: that the tool had a role in rapid reactions
to the position of the arms and chest, which led to the correction of errors in the movement of
the arms and a significant improvement in performance.
Abdul Salam (2018) study, titled (The Effect of Musical Rhythm Using the Buoyancy Belt on the
Center of Buoyancy and Harmony in Breaststroke), which aimed to identify the effect of the
musical rhythm using the Buoyancy Belt on the Center of Buoyancy and Harmony in
Breaststroke Swimming, and the researcher used the experimental method on a sample of
Among (15) students from the third year at the Faculty of Physical Education at Al-Azhar
University, and among the most important results of the study: the presence of a positive effect
in improving the center of buoyancy in the body and the compatibility between the movements
of the arms and legs of the students.
Khamis study (2014), entitled (The effect of an educational program on the level of learning
breaststroke for low-level students in the basic stage in the State of Kuwait), which aimed to
know the effect of an educational program on the level of learning breaststroke for low-level
students in the basic stage in the State of Kuwait. The researcher used the experimental method,
The sample included (60) students from the basic stage in the Jahra educational district, and
among the most important results that were reached: improvement in the skillful performance
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of breaststroke swimming in favor of telemetry for the experimental and control groups, and
improvement in harmonious physical abilities in favor of the experimental group.
The study of Rabadi (2010), titled (The effect of an educational program to improve the angle
of the trunk in swimming breaststroke waving using the spaghetti buoyancy tool), which aimed
to determine the effect of the proposed educational program to improve the angle of the trunk
in swimming breaststroke waving using the spaghetti buoyancy tool. The researcher used the
experimental approach, The study sample consisted of (15) female students from the
swimming course at Yarmouk University, and among the most important findings of the study:
the presence of a positive effect in improving the performance of the upper part of the body by
developing the flexibility of the back muscles of the female students in the speed of the motor
frequency inside the water.
METHOD AND PROCEDURES
Methodology: The researchers used the experimental approach with the pre-post design to
find out the effect by revealing the significance of the differences between the experimental and
control groups due to the suitability of this design to the nature of the study problem.
Population: The study population consisted of all the third and fourth year female students at
Palestine Technical University Kadoorie/ Ramallah branch, who numbered (28) according to
the admission and registration records for the academic year(2021-2022).
Sample: The study was conducted on an intentional sample of (20) female students who
registered to study a swimming course (2), where the sample represents (71%) of the original
study population.
Table 1. Characteristics of the study sample and their
Homogeneity according to the variables (age, stature, body mass).
Variables Mean (M) Standard Deviation (SD) Torsion coefficient
Age / year 20.85 0.67 0.17
Tallness/ Cm 160.05 4.51 - 0.06
Body Mass/KG 62.45 8.54 - 0.51
It is clear from Table (1) that the values of the skewness coefficients for these variables are
between (± 1) and indicate the homogeneity of the study sample and its subjection to a
moderate normal distribution. Thus, the study sample members were randomly divided into
two groups, experimental and control, where the experimental group (n = 10) underwent the
educational program using Revoring Exercise (for a period of (8) weeks), while the control
group (n = 10) underwent the educational program in the traditional (usual) way also for a
period of (8) weeks.
Before starting the application of the two educational programs, the equivalence was confirmed
on the pre-measurement of the skillful performance of breaststroke swimming between the
members of the experimental and control groups, through the use of the (t) test for two
independent groups (Independent t-test), and the results presented in Table 2.
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Fadwa, R. M. S., Ziyad, S. A., Riadh, K., Sabri, G. C., & Imen, A. (2023). The Impact of Using “Revoring Exercise" to Learn Breaststroke for Female
Students. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Vol - 10(1). 376-389.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.101.13852
Table 2. Equivalence on pre-measurement of the skillful performance of breaststroke
swimming between members of the experimental and control groups (n = 20).
Group Measuring
Unit
Experimental
(n =10)
Control
(n =10)
t - value Sig.
Level*
Variable M SD M SD
Arm strokes Degree 6.58 0.71 6.83 1.19 - 0.57 0.575
Leg Strikes Degree 5.65 0.46 5.60 0.66 0.20 0.846
Breathing Degree 4.48 0.79 4.51 0.62 - 0.10 0.926
Compatibility Degree 3.08 0.12 3.03 0.08 1.10 0.388
Breaststroke
overall
performance
Degree 19.77 1.16 19.96 1.55 - 0.29 0.772
*Statistically significant differences at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05).
It appears from Table 2 that there are no statistically significant differences at the level of
significance (α ≤ 0.05) on the pre-measurement of the skillful performance of breaststroke
swimming between the experimental and control groups, and this indicates that there is
equivalence between them before starting the application of the two educational programs.
Research Tools
First: The Educational Program:
After the researchers reviewed several previous works that were conducted in the same field
for example (Bizari, 2020; Sheikha, 2019; Al-Rabadi, 2010; Afifi, 2010; Latif, 2017; Hamid,
2020), the researchers designed an educational program based on revoring exercise to explore
its impact on learning breaststroke among female students of the Faculty of Physical Education
and Teacher Preparation at Palestine Technical University / Kadoorie, then the educational
program was presented to a number of experts and specialists in the field of swimming in
Palestinian and Arabic universities. The educational program was applied on Tuesday
(26/7/2022) until Tuesday (6/9/2022) for a period of (8) weeks, with (3) educational units
with a time of (90) minutes.
Second: Breaststroke Technical Performance Evaluation Form:
The researchers designed a form to evaluate the technical performance of breaststroke
swimming to know the level of performance. The form included a description of the basic
elements of performance, arm strikes, legs strikes, breathing, compatibility, and a score key for
each element of the basic performance elements, then a committee consisting of two courts
evaluated the level of pre and post-performance of the students.
Third: Skill Tests for Breaststroke Swimming:
The breaststroke skill tests consisted of the following:
• Arm Strokes: The tested student performs the breaststroke swimming in front of (2)
swimming experts. Each one of them gives a score about the movements and strokes of the
arms while swimming. When registering, the arithmetic average of the two scores is taken
into account to determine performance, noting that the maximum score for performance is
(15).
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• Strokes of the legs: The student performs the breaststroke swimming in front of (2)
swimming experts, each of whom gives a score about the movements and strokes of the legs
while swimming. When registering, the arithmetic average of the two scores is taken into
account to determine performance, noting that the maximum score for performance is (12).
• Breathing: The tested student performs breaststroke swimming in front of (2) swimming
experts, each of whom gives a score about breathing while swimming. When registering, the
arithmetic average of the two scores is taken into account to determine performance, noting
that the maximum score for performance is (9).
• Compatibility: The tested student performs the breaststroke swim in front of (2)
swimming experts, each of whom gives a score on compatibility during swimming. When
registering, the arithmetic average of the two scores is taken into account to determine
performance, noting that the maximum score for performance is (6).
• Overall breaststroke performance: The breaststroke performance is represented by the
total score obtained by the student in strokes of the arms and legs, breathing and
coordination, which represents the maximum degree of performance (42) degrees.
Research Variables
The study included the following variables:
• Independent variables: The independent variables were the educational program using
(Revoring Exercise) and the traditional (usual) educational program.
• Dependent variables: The dependent variables represented the degrees obtained by the
students in the overall skillful performance of breaststroke swimming and its variables
(arm strokes, leg strokes, breathing, and compatibility).
Procedures
To conduct the current study, the researchers followed the following steps:
• Conducting a comprehensive survey of previous studies and educational literature related
to the breaststroke study.
• Determining a community, a sample, and the study of third and fourth year students who
enrolled in a swimming course (2).
• Conducting tribal measurements on an exploratory sample of the study population that was
excluded from the study sample to ensure the scientific transactions of the tests used.
• Ensure the homogeneity of the study sample in the variables of age, height, and body mass.
• The study sample was divided into two groups, an experimental and a control group, and
ensuring equivalence between them on the pre-measurement of the study variables before
applying the educational programs.
• The commitment to the time of collecting the pre and post data for the experimental and
control groups was taken into account.
• After collecting the data, it was coded and entered into the computer for statistical
processing using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS).
• The results of the study were reached and discussed, in the light of which conclusions and
recommendations were reached.
Statistical Processors
To test the hypotheses of the study and to reach its results, the Statistical Packages for Social
Sciences (SPSS) program was used, by applying the following treatments:
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Fadwa, R. M. S., Ziyad, S. A., Riadh, K., Sabri, G. C., & Imen, A. (2023). The Impact of Using “Revoring Exercise" to Learn Breaststroke for Female
Students. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Vol - 10(1). 376-389.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.101.13852
• Means, standard deviations and skewness coefficient.
• Paired t-test to determine the differences between the pre and post measurements of the
study variables and to examine the first and second hypotheses.
• Test (T) for two independent groups (Independent t-test) to determine the differences in
the post-measurement of the study variables between the members of the experimental and
control groups and to examine the third hypothesis, as well as to ensure equivalence
between the members of the two groups on the pre-measurement of the study variables.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The current work seeks to answer the main question" What is the effect of an educational
program using "Revoring exercise" on learning to breaststroke for female students thru
verifying the validity of the above three hypotheses emanating from it. To test these hypotheses
and ensure their validity, the paired samples t-test was used.
First: Results of the first hypothesis"there are no statistically significant differences at the level
of significance (α ≤ 0.05) between the averages of the pre and post measures of the skillful
performance of breaststroke swimming among female students of the experimental group", are
shown in table 3.
Table 3. The t-test for pairs to indicate the differences between the averages
of the pre and post measurements of the skillful performance of breaststroke
swimming among female students of the experimental group (n = 10).
Variable
Measuring
Unit
Pre–
measurement
Post–
measurement
t- value
Sig.Level* Improvement
rate
M SD M SD
Arm strokes Degree 6.58 0.71 11.18 1.02 19.47 0.000* 69.90
Leg Strikes Degree 5.65 0.46 9.63 0.64 16.57 0.000* 70.44
Breathing Degree 4.48 0.79 7.08 0.50 7.04 0.000* 58.04
Compatibility Degree 3.08 0.12 4.45 0.42 11 0.000* 44.48
Breaststroke
overall
performance
Degree 19.77 1.16 32.33 1.72 18.06 0.000* 63.53
* Statistically significant differences at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05). The minimum score for overall
performance in breaststroke is (14) and the maximum score is (42).
The results of Table 3 indicates that there are statistically significant differences at the level of
significance (α ≤ 0.05) between the averages of the two pre-measurements of the skillful
performance of breaststroke among female students of the experimental group, in favor of the
post-measurement, and thus the null hypothesis is rejected. These results mean that the
educational program using (Revoring Exercise) had a significant and effective effect in
developing the skillful performance of breaststroke swimming among female students, as the
percentages of change (improvement) were as follows: arm strokes (69.90%), legs strokes
(70.44%), breathing (58.04%), compatibility (44.48%), and overall breaststroke performance
(63.53%).
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The researchers attribute this result to the effectiveness of the educational program using
Revoring Exercise and its positive effect, as the educational program included a set of skills and
activities that helped improve the performance of the experimental group. Developing their
skills and motivation, which enables them to continue training, form positive attitudes at work,
and show differences in favor of their dimension measurements.
The researchers also believe that the emergence of differences was due to the experiences of
the experimental group that the educational program based on Revoring Exercise was applied
to in the current study, and taking into account the psychological, emotional and physical
characteristics of the students of the experimental group had an active role in the participation,
planning and implementation of the activities of the program. The use of the (Revoring) tool in
the introductory part of the educational program and accompanied by music played an
important role in encouraging and motivating students and attracting their attention in an
effective manner and integrating them into the various activities of the program, in addition to
the fact that the (Revoring) tool is an interesting tool in applying skills, which reflected
positively on Increasing self-confidence and speed in learning the basic elements of
performance in breaststroke swimming, and this is consistent with what was recommended by
(Abu Tame’, 2013) that it is necessary to invest the confidence resulting from learning
swimming skills in improving the educational process and increasing effectiveness in
swimming lessons in order to improve skillful performance. These results are consistent with
the studies of Saleh, 2020; Matar, 2020; Khamis, 2014; Abdul Salam, 2018;Al-Rabadi,
2010;Ashqar, 2019). The results were indicative of the presence of positive attitudes towards
the educational program based on the Revoring Exercise for the members of the experimental
group, and it also agreed that the learners place high values on the use of aids in swimming,
because of their positive and effective impact on the learning process.
Second: Results the second hypothesis" there are no statistically significant differences at the
level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) between the means of the pre and post measures of the skillful
performance of breaststroke swimming among the students of the control group “are presented
in table 4.
Table 4. The t-test for pairs of differences between the averages of the
pre and post measurements of the skillful performance of breaststroke
swimming among the students of the control group (n = 10).
Variable
Measuring
Unit
Pre- measurement
Post- measurement
t value Sig.
Level*
Improvement
rate
M SD M SD
Arm strokes Degree 6.83 1.19 8.55 1.27 5.90 0.000* 25.18
Leg Strikes Degree 5.60 0.66 6.98 0.99 8.40 0.000* 24.64
Breathing Degree 4.51 0.62 5.60 0.50 5.03 0.000* 24.16
Compatibility Degree 3.03 0.08 3.53 0.45 3.46 0.000* 16.50
Breaststroke
overall
performance
Degree 19.96 1.55 24.65 1.58 18.11 0.000* 23.49
* Statistically significant differences at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05). The minimum score for overall
performance in breaststroke is (14) and the maximum score is (42).
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Fadwa, R. M. S., Ziyad, S. A., Riadh, K., Sabri, G. C., & Imen, A. (2023). The Impact of Using “Revoring Exercise" to Learn Breaststroke for Female
Students. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Vol - 10(1). 376-389.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.101.13852
The results of Table 4 indicates that there are statistically significant differences at the level of
significance (α ≤ 0.05) between the means of the pre and post measurements of the skillful
performance of breaststroke swimming among the students of the control group, in favor of the
post measurement, and thus the null hypothesis is rejected. These results mean that the
traditional (usual) educational program had a significant and effective effect in developing the
skillful performance of breaststroke swimming among female students, as the percentages of
change (improvement) were as follows: arm strokes (25.18%), legs strokes (24.64%),
breathing (24.16%), compatibility (16.50%), and overall breaststroke performance (23.49%)
in favor of the experimental group. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected. This study agrees with
the study of Al-Rabadi ,2010; Abd Al-Salam ,2018; ElAshkar & Ibrahim, 2019), as its results
showed that the results of traditional learning are not highly positive, and that the amount of
improvement that occurred in developing the skill performance of breaststroke is not
significant in general compared to their peers. In the experimental group that was taught using
the educational program based on Revoring Exercise)) and its positive effect, and this was
confirmed by the study of (Saleh, 2020; Matar, 2020).
Third: The results of the third hypothesis" there are no statistically significant differences at
the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) in the average of the post-measurement of the skillful
performance of breaststroke swimming between the students of the experimental and control
groups are shown in Table 5.
Table 5. The t-test for two independent groups to indicate differences in the
average post-measurement of skillful performance of breaststroke swimming
between female students in the experimental and control groups (n = 20).
Group Measuring
Unit
Experimental Group Control Group t - value Sig.
Level*
Variable M SD M SD
Arm strokes Degree 11.18 1.02 8.55 1.27 5.09 0.000*
Leg Strikes Degree 9.63 0.64 6.98 0.99 7.12 0.000*
Breathing Degree 7.03 0.50 5.60 0.50 6.57 0.000*
Compatibility Degree 4.45 0.42 3.53 0.45 4.76 0.000*
Breaststroke
overall
performance
Degree 32.33 1.72 24.65 1.58 10.37 0.000*
* Statistically significant differences at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05). The minimum score for overall
performance in breaststroke is (14) and the maximum score is (42).
The results of Table 5 indicates that there are statistically significant differences at the level of
significance (α ≤ 0.05) in the average measurement of the skillful performance of breaststroke
swimming between the students of the experimental and control groups, in favor of the
experimental group, and thus the null hypothesis is rejected. These results mean that the
educational program using (Revoring Exercise) had a significant and effective effect in
developing the skillful performance of breaststroke swimming better than the traditional
(usual) educational program. These results mean that the educational program using (Revoring
Exercise) had a significant and effective effect in developing the skill performance of
breaststroke swimming better than the traditional (usual) educational program.
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Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Hence, the researchers confirm that there are differences among the students of the
experimental group and in favor of the post-measurement, that the exercises used It was
suitable for the experimental group, as the method relied on the process of explanation only
and the use of the applied model, and that this method, despite its adoption in the learning
process, the researchers noticed weak self-confidence and unwillingness to learn, so the
percentages of improvement were not as in the experimental group, which was reflected in the
skillful performance.
The differences were not clear and essential, and hence the researchers see the need to focus
on modern educational methods that are interesting and attractive by using all the tools that
help learning, taking into account the psychological factors, and the needs and desires of the
learners in order to provide content commensurate with the physical and psychological
characteristics of the learners. Graphs (1-5) show this.
Figure 1: The mean of the telemetry of the arms strokes for the experimental and control
groups
Figure 2. The mean of the telemetry of the legs strokes for the experimental and control groups
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Fadwa, R. M. S., Ziyad, S. A., Riadh, K., Sabri, G. C., & Imen, A. (2023). The Impact of Using “Revoring Exercise" to Learn Breaststroke for Female
Students. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, Vol - 10(1). 376-389.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.101.13852
Figure 3. The mean of the telemetry of the breathing for the experimental and control groups
Figure 4. The mean of the telemetry of the compatibility for the experimental and control
groups
Figure 5. The breaststroke total average for the experimental and control groups
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Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal (ASSRJ) Vol. 10, Issue 1, January-2023
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions:
• The effectiveness of the educational program using (Revoring Exercise) was proven in
developing the skillful performance of breaststroke swimming among the experimental
group.
• The effectiveness of the regular (traditional) program was proven in developing the skillful
performance of breaststroke swimming among the control group members.
• Achieve the educational program using (Revoring Exercise) Learn the skillful performance
of breaststroke swimming.
Recommendations:
• The need to use (Revoring Exercise) in learning motor skills for other types of swimmers,
and for various sports within the practical lectures in the faculties of physical education.
• Focusing on training teachers of physical education and recent graduates to prepare
educational programs using tools that help the learning process.
• The authorities responsible for swimming adopt the results of this study and apply them to
learners and young people in clubs and youth centers.
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