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Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal – Vol. 10, No. 2
Publication Date: February 25, 2023
DOI:10.14738/assrj.102.13756.
Soenaryo, C., & Sugiharti, D. K. (2023). Revocations of Notary Deeds by Courts from the Perspective of Legal Certainty in Indonesia.
Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 10(2). 75-85.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Revocations of Notary Deeds by Courts from the Perspective of
Legal Certainty in Indonesia
Cipto Soenaryo
Faculty of Law, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
Dewi Kania Sugiharti
Faculty of Law, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Article 1870 of the Civil Code states that an authentic deed provides, between
parties and their heirs or persons who have rights from them, a perfect proof of
what is contained therein. Thus, an authentic deed which is concluded by a notary
will be a perfect proof for the parties. In the making of an authentic deed, in order
to make it a perfect proof, a notary must hold fast to Law of Notarial Position and
notarial code of ethics. The research method used in this study is by using primary
and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through in-depth interviews with
several respondents who are notaries in Indonesia; and secondary data were
obtained through documentation study. The results showed that there was a fact
where many notarial deeds were revoked by the Court because the process of the
making the deeds in question was not in accordance with the Law of Notarial
Position and notarial code of ethics. The role of the notary in civil law actions is
supposed to guarantee legal certainty for the parties (the appearers) in civil law
actions, which is by constating or concluding deeds.
Keywords: revocation of notarial deeds, legal certainty
INTRODUCTION
Notary, as one of the positions that carries a part of the state's responsibility, especially in the
civil sector, must not create a bad image for the government or society. Therefore, a notary must
act honestly, thoroughly, independently and impartially. In relation to that, there are several
important principles in the implementation of the notary office (Mayana, 2020).
The principles in question are: first, the principle of equality. This principle emphasizes the
behavior of a notary who must not be of favoritism or discriminate against anyone. There
should be no discriminations in treatment, with respect to race, ethnicity, religion, class, or a
person's social and economic conditions. When someone who is considered incapable tries to
use a service of a notary, the notary should be able to provide free service and equal treatment
as to other people who are able to pay. Second, the principle of trust. The relationship between
a notary and the parties is a relationship of trust. Therefore, a notary must be a person who can
be trusted by the parties, for example by keeping contents of a deed and the information and
the parties therein confidential, as stated in the Law of Notarial Position. Third, the principle of
legal certainty. Parties who use the services of a notary need legal certainty, because many
people do not understand the law and its ins and outs, so that the agreement that parties will
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make is written in an authentic deed that is constructed by a notary and will provide them with
legal certainty. Notaries, in making legal products in the form of authentic deeds, must comply
with normative rules as contained in law. Fourth, the principle of accuracy. The position of a
notary is indeed vulnerable to negligence, because sometimes the contents of an authentic deed
constated or constructed by a notary must be read carefully so as not to cause harm to the
parties, in the forms of negligence both in writing the contents of the deed and the statements
of the parties. Article 16 paragraph (1) part (a) of Law of Notarial Position states “a notary must
act with due care”. Fifth, the principle of providing understanding and knowledge. Notary is
obliged to provide legal knowledge for the parties, explaining matters related to the deed and
risks involved. Similarly, when a notary rejects to constate a deed for the parties, the notary
must also provide an explanation and reasons why the deed cannot be realized. Providing such
legal knowledge is useful so that the parties understand contents of the agreement they have
made and also in the future avoid any harm to any parties. Sixth, the principle of prohibiting
abuse of power. Prohibitions and authorities that can be referred to by notaries are contained
in Law of Notarial Position and notarial code of ethics.
Notaries as state officials may not use their position for personal or group interests beyond
what is contained in Law of Notarial Position. Seventh, the principle of protecting official
reputation. Protecting not only his or her personal but also official reputation, a notary must
also protect the reputation of his or her fellow colleagues who also serve as notaries and
reputation of the state. The notarial position depends on the existence of trust of the public.
Notaries must also protect the reputation of the state, because notaries bear a part of the state's
responsibility, especially in the civil sector, so that notaries’ behavior reflects how the state
apparatuses behave. Eighth, the principles of proportionality and professionalism. Notaries are
required to carry out their positions in accordance with their authority, not overlapping with
anything and ensure that the products they make provide a sense of justice and proportionality
for the parties. Professional notaries must act honestly, thoroughly, independently, impartially,
with a full sense of responsibility based on laws and regulations and the notarial oath.
The reality shows that there is still a gap between what must be (das sollen) obeyed and
observed by notary and what is currently happening (das sein) (The Economist, 2012). Many
people argue that notary is an example of an ineffective and obsolete institution (Aliaga, 2007).
Law Number 2 of 2014 on Amendments to Law Number 30 of 2004 on Notarial Position and
Notarial Code of Ethics has adequately regulated authorities, obligations, responsibilities and
restrictions of notaries. However, in reality (das sein) notaries have problems with the Court
and even authentic deeds notarized by them are nullified by the Court. Based on the Directory
of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia, it is known that there are more than 200
authentic deeds that were revoked by the District Court.
Furthermore, there are a number of notaries who have been named as defendants and co- defendants. Such revocations were mainly based on an unlawful act (onrechtmatige daad) and
default between parties. With the revocation of the authentic deeds, the parties to the deeds
suffer losses, so that the authentic deeds do not provide legal certainty for the parties. The
following indicates the number of deeds which were revoked.
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Soenaryo, C., & Sugiharti, D. K. (2023). Revocations of Notary Deeds by Courts from the Perspective of Legal Certainty in Indonesia. Advances in
Social Sciences Research Journal, 10(2). 75-85.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.102.13756
Table 1. Deeds Revoked by the Court (Period of 2014 – 2018)
Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Grand Total
Total 33 34 31 32 35 165
Source: Directory of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia
Based on the data above, the problem is why the authentic deeds that had been constated by
notary could be revoked by the District Courts in Indonesia.
RESEARCH METHOD
New forms of qualitative data continually emerge in the literature, but all forms might be
grouped into four basic types of information: observations (ranging from nonparticipant to
participant), interviews (ranging from close-ended 'to open-ended), documents (ranging from
private to public), and audiovisual materials (including materials such as photographs, compact
disks, and videotapes) (Creswell, 2007). From such four types of information, the ones chosen
and used in this article are interviews and documents. The interviews consist of conducting
semi-structured interviews, audiotaping the interviews and transcribing them, and conducting
different types of interviews: e-mail, face-to-face, focus group, online focus group, and
telephone interviews. The documents comprise public documents in the Directory of the
Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia, particularly judicial decisions related to deed
revocations.
DISCUSSION
Authentic Deeds as Perfect Proof
Article 1870 of the Civil Code also states that an authentic deed provides, between parties and
their heirs or persons who have rights from them, a perfect proof of what is contained therein.
That means that an authentic deed is constated or constructed or drawn up by basing on real
facts, so that the truth of the content of the deed serves as a perfect proof. Being perfect in a
formal way (formele bewijskracht) relates to the formality of the creation of deeds that must
be fulfilled. Being perfect in an outward way (uitwandige bewijskracht) is all about the process
of making the deeds official. Being perfect in a material way (materiele bewijskracht) means
that all legal actions are already correct, so it is not possible for the deeds to be revoked by using
unlawful actions as the argumentation (onrechmatigedaad).
When an authentic deed is revoked by the Court, it indicates that there is an error in the process
of the making of the authentic deed, i.e. the notary does not make the deed according to his or
her authority, obligation, responsibility and does not pay attention to the prohibitions imposed
in accordance with the Law of Notarial Position and the notarial code of ethics.
The professional role of notary as a public official is to prioritize services to the people
(Arruñada, 1996). The professional role of notary as a public official is to prioritize services to
the people. The function and role of notary in legal mobility in the society is very much needed,
as stated in Article 16 of the Amended Law of Notarial Position in Indonesia on notarial
obligations. Fulfillment of obligations of a notary is essential for legal certainty, order, and
protection and exercise of human rights that are centered on truth and justice for the people
who need them. A notarized authentic deed will clearly identify the identity and capacity of the
parties and will clearly define the rights and obligations of the parties involved in a legal
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relationship as a legal subject in the society. Not less important than the existence of an
authentic deed drawn up before a notary is when an expectation can be manifested, that is to
avoid a dispute (Wray, 2009).
The role of notary in civil law appears in the following consideration parts which are the
background of the formation of the Law of Notarial Position in Indonesia. Firstly, the Republic
of Indonesia is a constitutional state based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the
Republic of Indonesia guarantees legal certainty, order, and protection, which is centered on
truth and justice. Secondly, to guarantee legal certainty, order and protection, authentic written
evidence is needed regarding legal circumstances, events, or actions, which is conducted
through a particular position. Thirdly, notary is a particular position that conducts a profession
in legal services for the society and needs to get protection and guarantee in order to achieve
legal certainty. Fourthly, notary, in the development process, is increasingly needed as one of
the legal necessities in the society.
Broadly speaking, the role of notary can be qualified into two. Firstly, the existence of notary
prevents dispute in the society. This is the main task of a notary, which is to formulate wishes
of the parties into an authentic deed, taking into account applicable legal rules, so as to
guarantee legal certainty, order and protection, which is based on truth and justice. Notary can
prevent bad intentions of one party and protect good intentions of the other party. Secondly,
notary resolves disputes in the society. Notarial deeds, as authentic deeds, have the power of
proof which is perfect before the law. If a dispute occurs, a notarial deed can greatly help the
burden of proof for the parties contained in it. The parties can submit the notarial deed as
evidence or proof and there is no need for any other written evidence. If there is a person or
party who comments or declares that the deed is not correct, the person or party is obliged to
prove his comment or statement in accordance with the law, so that dispute within the
community can be immediately resolved (Taufik, 2019). A notarial deed should function as a
perfect proof, so that when the existence of the deed is questioned, it means that there is no
legal certainty.
Deed Revocation in the Perspective of Legal Certainty
The fact that an authentic deed is constated is essentially in order to prevent disputes between
parties. Thus, a notary who constates an authentic deed should actualize it as best as possible
so that the existence of the authentic deed can guarantee the legal certainty. In relation to legal
certainty, Gustav Radbruch states that there are four things related to the meaning of legal
certainty. They are as follows. First, law is positive, namely legislation. Second, law is based on
facts or the established law is certain. Third, facts must be formulated in a clear manner, so as
to avoid errors in meaning, as well as be easily implemented. Fourth, positive law cannot be
easily changed (Radbruch, 1961).
In the context of the work of the notary in the third point stated by Radbruch is relevant to the
aim of constating authentic deeds where the facts must be formulated in a clear way, so as to
avoid mistakes in meanings, besides being easy to implement. This means that a notary
constates deeds based on facts or events that are actually experienced by the parties, from
which are going to be expressed in the authentic deeds.
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Soenaryo, C., & Sugiharti, D. K. (2023). Revocations of Notary Deeds by Courts from the Perspective of Legal Certainty in Indonesia. Advances in
Social Sciences Research Journal, 10(2). 75-85.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.102.13756
Montero pointed out that the framework or body of Latin notary intends to play an active role
in providing information to the public ethically and legally, where it must be carried out in full
truth and reflected in legal certainty (Montero, 1999). The concept of legal certainty includes a
number of interrelated aspects. One aspect of legal certainty is the protection given to
individuals against the arbitrariness of other individuals, judges and administration
(government) (Budiono, 2006). Legal certainty is a characteristic that cannot be separated from
the law, especially written legal norms. Law without certainty will lose its meaning because it
cannot be used as a guide for behaviors of all people. The implementation of the principle of
legal certainty as stated by Gustav Radbruch in making an authentic deed will provide legal
certainty for the parties to be more secure, especially in the formulation or pouring of the will
of the parties in the authentic deed.
Apeldoorn said that legal certainty has two aspects. First is the fact that in concrete matters
(concerto), two disputing parties can determine their status/position; second is the legal
security which guarantees protection for the two disputing parties against judges’ and other
law officials’ arbitrariness (Murya, 2016).
In this regard, the basic principles of the Latin notary system emphasize that notaries are
professional lawyers and public officials appointed by the state to confer authenticity on legal
deeds and contracts contained in documents drafted by them and to advise persons who call
upon their services. Notarial services encompass all judicial activities in non-contentious
matters, affording legal certainty to clients, thus averting disputes and litigation.
A notarial deed is intended to guarantee legal certainty for the parties in civil law actions.
Therefore, termination of deeds by the Court is a contradiction of the purpose of making deeds,
which is to guarantee legal certainty in civil law actions so that an authentic deed serves as a
perfect proof. The guarantee of legal certainty for the parties in a deed which is notarized will
be actualized if the parties come directly before the notary at the time of constructing the deed.
Therefore, the notary must ensure that the authentic deed will not later be questioned by the
parties; this accounts for the perusal of the authentic deed.
The external effects of a legal nature arise because notaries have to monitor the legality of the
documents they authenticate. This type of involvement, in which the notary acts as a
“gatekeeper,” is an essential part of the strategy adopted to enforce the law ex ante in Civil Law
countries. This strategy is justified by the deficiencies involved in the ex post enforcement of
the law by penalties and consequent dissuasion or prevention. This use of “gatekeepers” to
fulfil the law consists in imposing a liability on a third party — the gatekeeper — who, as a
result of his other functions, in this case private, is in a good position to withhold his co- operation or “ministry” and thus prevent conduct that does not comply with the provisions of
the law (Kraakman, 1986).
The effectiveness of the Civil Law notary system rests on a complex structure of incentives
which in turn causes two types of consequences. It directly provides an automatic guarantee
of effectiveness. Indirectly, it generates a process of self-selection of professionals with the
appropriate qualifications and preferences in terms of the objectives aimed at when choosing
a strategy of ex ante law enforcement such as that of notaries (Mathews, 1991).
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Notary is one of the elements of non-judicial law enforcement because notary is only related to
deed makings. Notary must first explain to the parties about the rule of law in the making of
authentic deeds. The rule of law aims to protect against arbitrary interferences. The focus is on
the principles of equality and of legal certainty which embody this protection against arbitrary
interferences. Both fundamental legal principles reflect basic societal values. With regard to the
principle of equality, legislation providing a public duty or a benefit that affects only a small
group of citizens may be deemed to violate equality, if it is discriminatory (Gribnau, 2013).
Interviews with several notaries in Indonesia also confirmed this. One of the interviewees,
Habid Adji, a senior notary in Surabaya City, stated that reading a deed becomes important in
making one because in the notarial law there is the term verlijden which means the verbal
process of works by public officials in making deeds, which includes, firstly, facts seen by a
notary about an action or event (het waarnemen door de Notaris van een handeling of
daadzaak), secondly, written narration by a notary (het schrifttelijk relateren daarvan), and
thirdly, the perusal by a notary and the signing by the concerned parties including confirming
and concluding objections of the parties to the contents of the deed prior to signing the deed.
The perusal of the deed is essential to the parties and notary themselves (Adji, 2019).
Another senior notary, in Medan City, Rudy Haposan Siahaan, stated that a deed must be read
although a deed is normatively possible not to be read, because the norm is not always suitable.
Not reading a deed, when desired by the parties, according to Rudy is because of an unsuitable
norm (Siahaan, 2020).
Bukhari Muhammad, a notary in Lhokseumawe City, North Aceh, confirmed that it is very
important to read the deed contents word by word, sentence by sentence, paragraph by
paragraph and page by page because not everyone, including the parties (appearers),
understands the language of the deed or the legal language inside. It is therefore better that the
deed is read by the notary himself or herself. In the event of questionable words, one party may
remonstrate and request a correction, with the consent of the other party. It would be more of
a problem if, instead of the notary who makes the deed and reads it before the parties, parties
themselves read the deed. Thus, a deed will be more secure if it is read out by a notary himself
or herself in the presence of the parties (Muhammad, 2020).
A deed should be read in detail by the notary in front of the parties so that the parties
understand and agree with the contents of the deed. Reading in detail means reading out in full
and thoroughly, with the aim of ensuring legal certainty (Handoko, 2019). Therefore, legal
certainty enables people to plan their future (Gribnan, 2013). In the context of the notary’s
service, the making of an authentic deed is supposed to secure the future of the parties.
The principle of legal certainty requires that the norms of a legal system be as determinate as
possible and that they be observed to the maximum degree possible. These objectives cannot
be realized, however, apart from issuance and efficacy. Thus, there exists an intrinsic
connection between the principle of legal certainty and positivity. And positivity, for its part, is
defined in terms of issuance and efficacy, taken together. The principle of correctness, on the
other hand, requires that the content of law be correct. The correctness of content concerns,
above all, justice, for justice is nothing other than correctness with respect to distribution and
balance, and distribution and balance present the central concern of law (Alexy, 2015).
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Soenaryo, C., & Sugiharti, D. K. (2023). Revocations of Notary Deeds by Courts from the Perspective of Legal Certainty in Indonesia. Advances in
Social Sciences Research Journal, 10(2). 75-85.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.102.13756
In the context of the role of the notary, the making of an authentic deed which is constated or
constructed by a notary is an attempt to guarantee legal certainty (rechtssicerheit). The
creation of an authentic deed is required by law in order to create legal certainty, legal order
and legal protection. Authentic deeds made by or in the presence of a notary are not only
required by law, but also desired by interested parties to ensure the rights and obligations of
the parties for the legal certainty, legal order and legal protection for the parties at the same
time and for the society as a whole. An authentic deed by its nature contains formal and material
truth in accordance with desires of the parties expressed to a notary. However, a notary has the
obligation to ensure that what is contained in the notarial deed is fully understood and in
accordance with the desires of the parties by reading it, making the contents of the deed clear,
and to provide access to information and laws and regulations related to the parties signing the
deed. Accordingly, the parties may freely determine to agree or not agree to the contents of the
notarial deed which they will sign (Darus, 2016).
Handing explanations to the parties by a notary is an effort to prevent future conflicts and to
protect the notary himself or herself. In such an activity, a notary is also enforcing and
socializing the law. Thus, a notary can also be referred to as a law enforcer.
The reading of a deed by a notary must be done before the parties. Reading a deed is very
important so that the parties who are signing and witnessing the birth of the deed are fully
aware of what is contracted and the legal consequences (Harris, 2017).
With regard to the obligation to read the deed, Ikatan Notaris Indonesia (The Indonesian
Notaries Association) issued a letter on November 3, 1983, relating to deviations by notaries
from Law of Notary Position and Code of Ethics (Thong Kie, 2007). One of the deviations was
some deeds were not perused. Some notaries did not read the deeds to the parties; the parties
never met the notaries from whom the services were requested. Failure to read the deeds to
the parties may result in (1) revocation of the deeds and their contents or the deeds become
inauthentic; (2) damaging the reputation of the profession of notary as a whole; (3) possibility
of being sanctioned with Article 50 of Rules of Notarial Position. Another deviation was about
branch offices.
In relation to such sanction, Article 50 of Rules of Notarial Position states that the High Court
has the power to impose the following penalties: (1) Reprimand; (2) Temporary dismissal for
three to six months. In the situation where the Court considers that such penalties are
inadequate in light of the seriousness of the violations committed, a proposition to discharge
notaries can be made to Minister of Justice to remove the notary from his office. Reprimand,
temporary dismissal and proposition of discharge are not executed without first calling or
hearing from the notary. Before pronouncing the removal of a notary, Minister of Justice will
seek opinion from the Supreme Court. If a removal happens to be done, the High Court will
immediately appoint a replacement.
In Indonesia, the reading of contents of a deed is also obliged by law. As stipulated in Law No.
30 of 2004 which was amended to Law No. 2 of 2014 on Notarial Position, Article 16 paragraph
(1) letter (m) reads: “to read the deed before the appearers in the presence of at least two
witnesses, or four special witnesses to make an under-hand deed and to be signed by the
appearers, witnesses and notary within the same time”. Article 16 paragraph (7) states that the
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reading of a deed as intended in paragraph (1) letter (m) does not have to be conducted if the
appearers demand such situation because they have read the deed themselves and understood
it, with a condition that such demand or request is stated in the closing part of the deed and on
every page of the minutes of the deed there are signatures of the appearers, witnesses and
notary.
With respect to deed reading, Petrus Yani, a notary in Pontianak City in West Kalimantan, stated
in an interview with the author, “I carry out the mandatory task of reading the deed.
Consequently, some clients or parties of the contract protest. As I continued to read deeds, I
was avoided and some clients decided to use another notary’s service” (Yani, 2020).
One of the reasons why some deeds were revoked by the Court was due to the disobedience to
the obligation to read the deeds by notaries before the parties as stipulated in Article 16
paragraph (7) of Law of Notarial Position. Actually, this obligation has long been mandated
since the existence of the old Rules of Notarial Position, yet the violation remains. Thus, today’s
revocations of deeds by the State Court would be a logical consequence of the inability of doing
the obligation. This situation indicates a degradation of the internalization of notary’s code of
ethics. Notaries are no longer considered to be an officium nobile, which is a job based on
professionalism, priority of service to clients in an effort to create legal order, certainty and
protection for the parties; instead, it is considered as an arena for self-enrichment.
There is a tendency that today’s notaries are ignoring personal ethics in making authentic deeds
with the aim of collecting wealth and enriching themselves. Notaries are supposed to serve the
interests of the state as a whole, not personal interests (Adji, 2019). Personal ethics are an
inseparable part of law enforcement, which was by Earl Warren (1891-1974) – former judge of
Supreme Court of the United States – it is said that in a civilized life, the law floats in a sea of
ethics. The law is only a sailboat that floats in a vast sea of ethics. This suggests that law
enforcement cannot override ethics (Adji, 2019).
Notarial profession is a part of the civil law enforcement, so when making an authentic deed,
besides being based on the Law of Notarial Position, it is also based on notaries’ code of ethics.
Notaries’ internalization of code of ethics will determine their personal ethics while making
authentic deeds, so that the authentic deeds can create legal order, certainty and protection.
Reading of deeds by notaries is one of the attempts to create such legal needs.
Tan Thong Kie confirmed that verlijden means drafting, reading and signing a deed, which is to
make a deed in the form prescribed by law as referred to in Article 38 of the Law of Notarial
Position and Article 1868 of the Civil Code. This is relevant to Article 16 paragraph (7) of the
Law of Notarial Position No. 2 of 2014 which states that the reading of the deed as referred to
in paragraph (1) letter (m) is not obligatory. If the parties of deed require that the deed does
not have to be read, due to the fact that they have read and understood it themselves, it may be
allowed, provided that such request is stated in the closing part of the deed, and on every page
of the minutes of the deed there are signatures by the parties, witnesses and notary.
According to Risna Rahmi Arifa, a senior notary in Medan City, in her notarial practice she reads
deeds from the beginning to the end – word by word, sentence by sentence, paragraph by
paragraph, and page by page. However, parties of contract are allowed to request to not have
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Social Sciences Research Journal, 10(2). 75-85.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.102.13756
the deeds read to them, or read the deeds on their own, or be read only in certain parts of the
deeds which the parties consider to be important (Arifa, 2020). It is further stated that both
deeds read by notaries and read by parties themselves need to be clarified by the notaries so as
to convince the notaries that the parties are aware of and understand the contents of the
agreement.
With respect to deed reading, author has the opinion that deeds must be read word by word,
sentence by sentence, paragraph by paragraph, page by page, from the beginning to the end,
before the contents are finally elucidated in order to provide an explanation which prioritizes
the consequences of civil law actions that are being carried out by the parties. Author believes
that this is performed in order to create legal certainty and legal protection.
Everything mentioned earlier also applies to legal conflicts. In such matters, legal certainty and
justice are are struggling for superiority; the predominance of the one over the other differs in
point of time as well as place. Attempts will be made to show how in our century the trend (in
Europe somewhat earlier than in America) was from a predominance of legal certainty to an
emphasis on justice, and how today, at least in Europe, there is once again a significant trend in
favor of certainty in law (Neuhaus, 1963). Therefore, the notary is at the forefront of preventing
disputes between the parties.
CONCLUSION
Based on the discussion above, it can be concluded that an authentic deed provides, between
parties and their heirs or persons who have rights from them, a perfect proof of what is
contained therein. Deed revocations are usually due to unlawful actions (onrechtmatige daad)
and deed revocations are against the aim of the creation of the authentic deeds, which is to
guarantee the legal certainty between parties. Accordingly, notaries are obliged to read the
authentic deeds word by word, sentence by sentence, paragraph by paragraph, and page by
page before the parties. After performing the reading, notaries must explain to the parties what
has been read and emphasize the related legal consequences. In this way, revocations of
authentic deeds can be minimized by the Dictrict Courts, and the existence of authentic deeds
to give and guarantee legal certainty for the parties prevails.
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