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Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal – Vol. 9, No. 11
Publication Date: November 25, 2022
DOI:10.14738/assrj.911.13376. Shnawa, I. M. S. (2022). Immunology of Modern Society Humans [IMSH]. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(11). 53-
61.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Immunology of Modern Society Humans [IMSH]
Ibrahim M. S. Shnawa
Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology
University of Qasim And Hilla University College /Babylon /IRAQ
ABSTRACT
Humans lives in modern society are subjected to an array of factors that impacts the
cellularity and functionality of their immune systems. These IMSH factors were
ensemble as; Global changes, liberal spread of mental influencing drugs, war
warfare ,terrorism ,environmental mutagens and carcinogens as well as
environmental allergens .So they are being at risk for both enhancing or dampening
effects on their immune systems. Workers have been documenting four main
categories of targeted human immune system living at risk of modern society .The
IMSH categories are; intravenous drug users, intensive care patients, tumor
patients , war warfare and terrorism. The intravenous drug users have shown
increase in their humoral B cell immune responses through the elevation of B cell
counts and activities and increase in activation markers of T cell subsets. Intensive
care patients were mainly showing functionality of cellular immunity like that of
ageing immune cells. Tumor patients, however, were found expressing diversity
and compositional heterogeneity of immune cell type reaching 33 subsets and
marked functional alterations. Tumor microenvironment have shown at least six
dominant pan-cancer-classes of dominant immune cells as compared to normal
human subjects immune cellularity. Biological warfare and bioterrorism insults
were being accompanied by emergence and re-emergence of unfamiliar agent
pathogenicity ,seasonality and marked host susceptibility to the terrorism agent
necessary need for individual therapy and management ,as well as for pre and post
exposure mass vaccination .Each IMSH category have expressed shared and
distinctive features. The unified functional insight to the immune systems of human
living in modern society is that formed cellular elements of these immune systems
behave to different insults in different ways and different elements reacts
differently to the same insult.
Keywords: Care Drug, Intravenous, Intensive, Terrorism ,Tumor, war warfare.
INTRODUCTION
Modern society holds different meaning to different societies and to different social
professionals[1,2 ].So far the present review is concerned modern society collectively means;
rise up of science culture, rise up of literary culture, industrialization, family structure change
,changes in social values and facing global changes. Such impacts are associated with host
susceptibility to the emerging and re-emerging infectious agents and relative deprivation of
immune system functionality [3 ]. The sorts of Infections of modern society, like IDU ,ICU
,tumors and Bioterrorism have been documented by workers[3,4 ].The objective of the present
review was to deduce the immune features modern society humans
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Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal (ASSRJ) Vol. 9, Issue 11, November-2022
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
HYPOTHESIS
The immune response of a normal healthy human population harboring an ecologic niche to
foreign invaders and tumors have shown three basic responder types as low ,moderate and
high responders. The distribution of these responder types among population contracting
pathogenic insults is either of Gaussian distribution or Skewed distribution plot
types[[5,6,7].In normal healthy human populations both of low and high responders were of
low numbers while moderate responders were somewhat high. In clinical laboratory senses
these compromise with subnormal ,normal and abnormal value findings. Modern society
humans might express skewing in their immune herd plots than this balance paradigm to either
increase towards subnormal or increase of abnormal. This hypothetical holding remained to be
elucidated.
MODERN SOCIETY AND IMMUNE COMPROMISED PATIENTS [IC]
From 1998 till 2016 the frequency of immune compromised subjects were increasing in United
State[8]. Likewise the frequencies of immune compromised were increasing as to the annia
2002-2006[9].Both of USA and Canada are best representatives of Society impacts on human
living therein. Immune compromised patients increase is a marker for the targeting impacts of
society on human beings. Increase of IC lead to increase of susceptibility of the patient to viral
infections[8,9].
MODERN SOCIETY HUMAN INFECTIONS
The nature of modern society human infectious agents are depicted in ,Table-1.
Table -1: Infectious agents dominant in modern society human
Category Infectious agents References
IDU S.aureus ,s.anginosus ,HIV [4]
Intensive care
Unit patient
Pseudomonas,MRSA,klebsiella,Sars-cov-2 [4],[10]
Tumor patients Coagulase negative
Staphylococcus,Aspergillus,Pseudomonas,enterococcus,sars- cov-2
[4],[10]
War warfare,
terrorism
B.anthracis ,Botulism ,plage, Poxvirus ,Tularemia [4]
[11]
IMMUNOLOGY OF INTRAVENEOUS DRUG USERS[IDU]
Concept
The mind influencing intravenous drug users are associated with increased incidence of
infectious diseases. Drug use constitutes an important risk factor for HIV and Hepatitis C
infections[12,13]
Analysis
The IDU patients have shown increase in; Total B cell counts, increase in IgG3,IgG4 and IgM as
well as increment in TNF alpha, TGF alpha and IL8[14].The heroin and Methadon IDU patients
were showing on stimulation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida albicans and LPS
comparable levels of IL1B,IL6,IL10.IFNalpha,TNF alpha and IFNg among both IDU test groups
and controls[12].There were non-significant quantitative differences in CD4+ T cells and CD8+
T cells between IDU and non-IDU HIV patients. Whereas, there were significant differences in
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Shnawa, I. M. S. (2022). Immunology of Modern Society Humans [IMSH]. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(11). 53-61.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.911.13376
the cellular activation markers CD38,K167,and CD14 in both PBMC and gut mononuclear
cells[13],Table- 2 .
Table-2 : The Immunology of IDU patients
Features [14] [12] [13].
Demography 130IDU 82 IDU HIV INFECTED and
Non-HIV infected
Samples Blood Blood Blood and gut
mucosal material
Investigations Flow cytometery Cell sensitization,
Cytokine
determination
Immunotyping of
CD4+,CD8+
Activation markers
CD38,K162,CD14
Immune cells Two folds increase of
total B cell counts,
Activated B cell
increase
The un-stimulation
not differe from
control
Stimulated showed
cytokine production
The difference
between IDU and
non-IDU HIV
patients In CD4,CD8
T cells
Increase in
activation markers
aong IDu Hiv than
control
Mediators Increase in
IgG3,IgG4,IgM,SCD40L
IL1B,IL6,IL10,IFN
alpha,IFNg and TNF
alpha comparable
results among test
groups
Others
Conclusions Increase humoral
immune responses
,increase in systemic
inflammation .May
impacts optimal
responses to
vaccination
Apparently
stimulation with
microbe does not
make difference
between IDU and
Non-IDU
Increase in actvation
markers in IDU HIV
than non IDU HIV
Immune Features
The immune features of the IDU patients are;
I - Increase in Total B cell counts.
ii- Increased in the activated B cell subsets
iii-increase in IgG 3,IgG4 and IgM.
iv-Increase in the cytokines; TNF alpha, TGF alpha,IL1B,IL6,IL10 and IL8.
v-Heroin and Methadon exhibited no apparent effects onCD4+,CD8+ T cells and increase inT
cell activation markers.
Thus the distinctive immune features of IDU are; Susceptibility to infectious agents and
activation of both T and B cells
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Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal (ASSRJ) Vol. 9, Issue 11, November-2022
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IMMUNOOGY OF CRITICAL CARE PATIENTS
Concept
Monoclonal antibodies ,check point inhibitor and adaptive cellular therapies are the major
topics of use in critical care environment[15].Asthma, immune deficiency ,allergy and immune
modulation are the daily noted issues in critical care patients[16].Septic patients complex long
lasting immune deficiency state involving lymphocytes of both innate and adaptive immune
response .Such responses have been associated with mortality and/or infections in critical care
patients[17],Table.
Analysis
Intensive care patients have shown increase in; myeloid cells , monocytes, regulatory T cells,
regulatory B cells .And decrease in; total T cells, naïve T cells, and thymic emigrant
lymphiocytes. A state similar to that of physiological ageing effects on immune cells[Duggal et
al.2018].,Table
Table 3: Immunology of ICU patients
Features Findings[18]
Demography 20 ICU patients with persistent clinical
illness 27-76 years old
Samples Blood
Investigations Phentyping of innate and adaptive immune
cells
Granulocytes Elevated mature and immature Neutrophil
counts
Mononuclear cells Increase in CD16 ++ monocytes,increase in
CD14+HLADR monocytes
Lymphocyte
NK
T cells
Lower in counts of each of;
Reduced total T cell counts, naïve T cell
anPKT7 thymic new immigrant.Reduction in
regulatory B cells CD19Cd24+
Increase in CD2+CD4+T cells
Rise in neutrophil to Lymphocytes ratios
Conclusions Change in immune cell phenotypes similar
to that of ageing immune cells
Immune features
The major immune features of ICU patients are;
i-Elevation of mature and immature neutrophils.
ii-Increase in CD16++ monocytes.
Iii – increase of CD14 HLADR monocytes.
iv-Low counts in each of; NK cell, total T cells , regulatory T cells and naïve T cells
v-increase in CD2+CD4+ T cells.
Thus increase of innate immune cells and decrease of adaptive lymphocyte subsets except
CD2+CD4+ T cells increased.
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Shnawa, I. M. S. (2022). Immunology of Modern Society Humans [IMSH]. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(11). 53-61.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.911.13376
IMMUNOLOGY OF TUMORS
Concept
The growth and spread of tumor cells within the continuum of the affected patient bodies will
not be prevented by the potentials of humoral immune responses. Though ,the effector T cells,
macrophages and natural killer cells have relative tumrocidal effects .Cells bearing tumor
specific antigens or tumor associated antigens activate the effector functions of other immune
cells through the cytokine action. Even though , this activated effector immune cells may fail to
control tumor occurrence or growth[19].Recent trends in tumor immunology tend to;i- characterize the basic biological mechanisms behind the antitumor immune responses , ii- immune regulate the development and spread of tumors , III- improve targeting and
destruction of cancer cells , iv- understand the the molecular basis of haematological
malignancies and graft versus host disease[20].Tumor is a systemic disease that induce several
functional and compositional changes in the whole constituents of the immune system. Hence
essential to understand the favorable and un-favorable immune mechanisms operable within
the tumor micro-environment. Therein, peripheral immune system is required to induce
effective natural and therapeutic induced antitumor immune responses rather than re- invogorate the pre-existing immune responses[21].
Analysis
The tumor micro-environment stands as the main contributor to tumor progression and a
promising target for treatment. Though there was an evident induced profound variations in
their immune micro-environment and be a basics for disease prognosis. The situation
necessitate a buildup of comprehensive compendium for tumor immune cells helpful in
prediction the immune cell state and their location within the tumor tissues[22,23].Tumor
tissue constitute; Tumor cells, tumor microenvironment[TME],immune cell
microenvironment[ICM] and enriched tumor infiltrating lymphoid cells[TILC] co-located In the
tumor tissue section. Tumor tissue harbors 25 clusters representing immune cell types. These
immune cell types are; 12 T cells , five macrophages/monocytes, three dendritic ,three B cells
and plasma B cells, one natural killer cells and one mast cell cluster. The finite B cell subclasses
were representing; naïve , activated ,memory, un-switched memory and proliferative subsets
.While CD4 T cells were representing; T reg.,T helper , and naïve T cells.CD8 T cells express high
levels of granzyme A. Whereas their pro and terminally T cell subtypes are exhausted .All
macrophages subsets were aboundent in tumor tissues. These finding were finalized by
building up a suggested “ Pan-Cancer-Immune-Classification” in to six major classes[22]
C1 : High proportion of activated and naïve memory T cells.
C2: High amount of cytokines and terminally exhausted CD8 T cells.
C3: High levels of macrophages.
C4: High levels of Plasma B cells
C5: High levels of effector CD4 memory T cells.
C6: High levels of B cells