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Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal – Vol. 8, No. 7
Publication Date: July 25, 2021
DOI:10.14738/assrj.87.10522. Sari, R. N. C., Kriyantono, R., & Prianti, D. D. (2021). Pre-Disaster Communication on Online News Portal Tribunnews March 2020
Edition as Disaster Management Support. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(7). 240-250.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Pre-Disaster Communication on Online News Portal Tribunnews
March 2020 Edition as Disaster Management Support
Rohmah Nia Chandra Sari
School of Communication
Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
Rachmat Kriyantono
School of Communication
Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
Desi Dwi Prianti
School of Communication
Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Covid-19 has become an issue that has been written about in the media since the
end of 2019. Since the emergence of the first case in Indonesia in March 2020,
efforts are needed to manage disasters that occur. The role of various parties is
needed to provide information and communication to the public, one of which is
through the mass media. Information on pre-disaster is important for the formation
of security and community capacity in dealing with disasters. The mass media
becomes a self-warning system in providing information and education to the
public. Currently the media continues to grow, the internet makes it easy for every
audience to access various information in the mass media, one of which is disaster
information. This study aims to provide an overview of how disaster information is
packaged in the mass media as a form of disaster communication to the public. The
concepts used in this research are disaster management, and disaster journalism.
This research method uses descriptive qualitative using literature studies and
framing analysis on the online news portal Tribunnews during March 2020. The
results of this study indicate that disaster communication determines community
attitudes in dealing with disasters. The role of disaster communication in the mass
media is very important, and can determine the success of the government in
providing information for public safety and overcoming disasters that occur. This
research contributes that the optimization of disaster communication is important
in disaster management. The government is the main source of the media in finding
news sources. Therefore, the government must provide information intake actively,
periodically and with a positive frame.
Keyword: Disaster Communication, Disaster Management, Framing Media, Covid-19,
Tribunnews
INTRODUCTION
The world is currently hit by a new virus called COVID-19. Since its initial appearance in
December 2019 in Wuhan China, this virus has become a hot issue to discuss. Various countries
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Sari, R. N. C., Kriyantono, R., & Prianti, D. D. (2021). Pre-Disaster Communication on Online News Portal Tribunnews March 2020 Edition as Disaster
Management Support. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(7). 240-250.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.87.10522
are affected, one of which is Indonesia [22]. The World Health Organization has declared
COVID-19 as a global pandemic, while in Indonesia, COVID-19 has been declared a non-natural
disaster [1]. Since the first case announced by President Joko Widodo on March 2, 2020, there
has been an increase in positive patients [20]. The distance for the spread of the corona virus
issue is December, and Indonesia announced its first case in March 2020, there are four months
to prepare and anticipate this virus before entering Indonesia to minimize casualties and
material. [12] Najih explains that a pandemic is a situation with a very high demand for
communication.
Communication is a necessity that must be done when facing a disaster. [17] Rudianto explains
that when a disaster occurs, communication arises because of the need to reduce uncertainty.
In dealing with disasters, information that presents facts is very necessary. Crisis occurs and
develops because of the lack and excess of information, and the failure to provide and control
the flow of existing information [6]. The ability to communicate messages about disasters to the
public, government, media can reduce risks, save lives and the impact of disasters [4].
Therefore, disaster communication is very important in the pre-disaster process, during the
disaster and after the disaster. Proper communication management is needed to deal with a
disaster.
[5] explained that managing disasters cannot be done suddenly, but must be carried out in a
planned manner with good management before a disaster occurs. Disaster management is a
series of efforts from establishing development policies related to prevention, emergency
response and rehabilitation. According to Law Article 1 paragraph 6 PP number 21 of 2008
concerning the implementation of disaster management explains that disaster mitigation is a
series of efforts to reduce disaster risk, both through physical development, as well as
awareness and capacity building in dealing with disaster threats.
Information is used as an early warning to the community that is useful in dealing with
disasters. Currently technology is growing rapidly, with technological developments, there are
many technologies that can be utilized, these various technologies will increasingly converge
[21]. [19] explains that convergence means streamlining a variety of different technologies in
one direction. With the ease of technology, it is easy for people to access disaster-related
information that can support disaster management efficiency and the clarity of information will
determine individual attitudes in dealing with disasters [2]. This study aims to find out how
disaster news frames on online news portals serve as information conveyers. With this
research, it is hoped that it can provide benefits for various parties such as the government, and
the community in improving communication so that the implementation of disaster
management can be carried out properly.
The media has an important role to provide education and early warning of disasters. Providing
information about what needs are needed by victims will be a potential channel to find out the
condition of the community, this also applies to providing information from organizations and
the government to find out what steps the community can take in dealing with disasters [2].
In presenting news about disasters, a disaster journalism approach is needed. [5] explained that
disaster journalism is the process of collecting and presenting news information related to
events that are currently happening or may occur in the future. Mostly, disaster journalism
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occurs before, during and after an incident [5]. [2] explains that disaster journalism has three
functions. The first function is that disaster journalism, apart from informing about the impact
and chronology of disasters, should also be a media that educates the public regarding disaster
events and provides accurate information for future lessons. The second function is that
disaster journalism must be able to prioritize human values by providing information in the
form of data and real conditions, such conditions can be educational materials for the
community, both victims and non-victims related to the disaster that occurred. Last but not
least, disaster journalism is not allowed to report or provide information related to
circumstances that can hurt the victim's feelings so that the victim becomes sad in the face of
an understood reality.
The media have several basic principles that can be used as references in covering disaster
news. [7] explained that there are several principles that can be used to become the basis for
reporting disaster news, the first is the principle of accuracy, the principle of humanity, the
principle of the voice of the victim, the principle of traumatic events from a humanitarian
perspective and the last is the principle of expressing the other side of the traumatic event.
The principle of accuracy is a very important element in reporting, the accuracy of revealing
the last position and situation of an incident. the second principle is the human aspect,
journalism is expected to reveal an event based on two sides, the first is the story of humans
and the situations they experience. Third, traumatic coverage contains the voice of the victim,
both from hopes, complaints, desires and feelings of sadness experienced. Fourth, journalism
must put trauma into the human side, this means that journalists do not blindly include it as a
fact, but must ensure the condition of the victim. Fifth is the principle of expressing the other
side of the traumatic event to support the completeness of the data in a news report [7].
Effective communication is needed to inform the public to minimize existing fears. [14] defines
effective communication as characterized by an understanding that can lead to a sense of
pleasure which ultimately affects attitudes, increases good social relations and ultimately leads
to action. Systematic information provided to the public is important to ensure clear
communication, so as to improve understanding of risks and increase transparency in decision
making in the event of a disaster [2]. The role of communication through media coverage is
important because disaster is a situation that requires coordination of information and actions
from various parties to be handled properly [8] Communication in disasters is not only needed
during a disaster emergency, but is also important during and pre-disaster [17]. The ability to
communicate messages about disasters to the community can reduce risks, save lives and the
impact of disasters [4].
[2] defines disaster risk communication as a dynamic and interactive process involving
exchanges between groups. The way the media reports news can influence public perception
by amplifying and distorting risk-related information [18]. Therefore, in conveying messages
and information in disaster risk communication, one must consider several things that are
included in disaster management activities with several stages, including prevention,
mitigation, preparedness, early warning, emergency response, emergency assistance, recovery,
rehabilitation, and reconstruction. The suitability of these stages in conveying disaster news
both at pre, during and post-disaster will provide readiness and a deeper understanding of the
disaster that occurs.
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Sari, R. N. C., Kriyantono, R., & Prianti, D. D. (2021). Pre-Disaster Communication on Online News Portal Tribunnews March 2020 Edition as Disaster
Management Support. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(7). 240-250.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.87.10522
METHODOLOGY
This research will use qualitative data type with descriptive research type. [11] explains that
qualitative research is research that intends to understand the phenomena of what is
experienced by research subjects holistically and by way of description in the form of words
and language, in a natural context and by utilizing various natural methods. Qualitative
research has the function of explaining phenomena in depth through deep data collection [9].
This study uses a constructivist paradigm using the framing text analysis method from Robert
Entman. [16] explains that through framing analysis, researchers will analyze news texts,
compose and find themes from a news text so that later the relationship between texts can be
found. said that framing analysis is used to find out how the perspective or perspective used by
journalists when selecting issues and writing news. How a reality is framed, constructed and
interpreted by the media Through framing analysis, this study seeks to describe the frame
formed by the tribunnews media in reporting covid through four framing elements from Robert
Entman. Entman in [9] explains that the selection of certain aspects of an issue is related to the
selection of facts, when an aspect has been chosen, then how is that aspect written. This is
closely related to the meaning of words, sentences, pictures, and images to be displayed to the
public. Robert Entman has formulated the framing model as follows:
a. Defining Problem
How an event is seen, as what and as a matter of what.
b. Diagnosing Causes
The event is seen as caused by what, what is considered the cause of a problem and who
is the actor who is considered a problem.
c. Make Moral Judgement
What moral values are presented to explain a problem, what moral values are used to
legitimize and delegitimize an action.
d. Treatment Recommendation/ Suggest Remedies
What solutions are offered by the media to overcome these problems.
The object of this research is the news portal tribunnews.com. The selection of this media is
because based on data obtained by researchers through the world ranking site Alexa.com in
2020, tribunnews media is the most searched media. In addition, tribunnews media is one of
the national media that has a wide coverage of news coverage.
The technique of collecting data is through documentation study with purposive collection of
news texts. The criteria for the selection of news is news about covid-19 or corona in Indonesia
during March 2020. The assumption of setting these criteria is because covid-19 entered
Indonesia and the determination of the first case in March 2020, so that the role of early
warning in reporting becomes the focus of research. this. For the validity of the research, this
study uses an element of credibility, the results of observations in this study are based on taking
references from books and previous studies that have credibility to be used as references, as
well as an element of delivery where the results of observations can be generalized to other
contexts that have similarities and are worth comparing .
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Based on the explanation of the research methodology, this study examines how the media
framed news about COVID-19 in March on the tribunnews.com news portal, starting from
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March 1, 2020 to March 31, 2020. The researchers will present the data through 3 tables which
are the results of mapping. on the results of the analysis on the online news portal
tribunnews.com.
Table 1. Examples of News Titles on March 1-10, 2020
No News Tittles Date Frame News
1 Awas Hoaks Virus Corona, Menkominfo
Bakal Proses Hukum Penyebar Hoaks:
Indonesia Steril
1 March 2020 Hoax news is being followed
up by the government
2 Corona Positif Menjangkit 2 WNI, Kenali
Gejala dan Cara Pencegahan Virus Corona!
2 March 2020 The first case in Indonesia
and how to prevent it
3 Semua Media Besar Jepang Ikut Beritakan
Kasus Virus Corona Pertama di Indonesia
3 March 2020 Other countries also share
information regarding the
first case in Indonesia
4 Gejala Mirip Virus Corona, Dinkes DKI
Pantau 120 Orang dan Awasi 26 Lainnya
4 March 2020 There are people who have
symptoms similar to Covid-19
5 Bareskrim Tersangkakan 5 Penyebar
Hoaks Virus Corona
5 March 2020 The existence of a pandemic
is misused to spread fake
news, arrest fake news
spreaders
6 Antisipasi Virus Corona, PT KAI Daop 6
Yogyakarta Gelar Pemeriksaan Kesehatan
6 March 2020 Health checks as an
anticipation due to the corona
virus
7 Kondisi Terkini 4 Pasien Positif Corona di
Indonesia, Pasien 03 dan 04 Menunjukkan
Perubahan
7 March2020 The impact of being exposed
to covid-19, patients show
changes in health
8 Achmad Yurianto: Hingga Minggu 8 Maret,
Ada 23 Suspect Covid-19 di Indonesia
8 March 2020 There are patients who have
symptoms similar to Covid-19
9 Antisipasi Kasus Corona, RSPI Sulianti
Saroso Siap Tampung Hingga 150 Pasien
9 March 2020 Additional treatment rooms
to anticipate if there is an
increase in cases
10 Pemprov DKI Jakarta Gelontorkan Rp 54
Miliar Atasi Virus Corona di Ibu Kota
10 March 2020 Efforts made by the
government from an
economic perspective to
overcome the Covid-19 virus
Table 1 is a mapping from the results of the analysis of the online news portal tribunnews.com,
where on the news portal there is more framing of news that emphasizes the issue of hoax news
and an increase in daily cases. The cause of this problem is because the pandemic is a case that
is currently popular, so all information about covid-19 is received raw, besides that the number
of covid-19 cases in Indonesia continues to increase. The moral value of this framing is that the
government continues to seek to find hoax spreaders by giving penalties for those who spread
it to provide a deterrent effect. The solution to this problem is the arrest of hoax spreaders and
punishment for those who are proven to spread hoaxes. Investigations continue to be carried
out for residents who have been confirmed positive for Covid-19 to minimize the spread and
transmission of cases.
Source: Research Result, 2021
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Sari, R. N. C., Kriyantono, R., & Prianti, D. D. (2021). Pre-Disaster Communication on Online News Portal Tribunnews March 2020 Edition as Disaster
Management Support. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(7). 240-250.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.87.10522
Table 2. Example of News Title 11-20 March 2020
No News Tittles Date Frame News
1 27 Pasien Positif Corona di Indonesia, 1
di Antaranya Masih Misterius, Belum
Tahu Asal Terjangkitnya
11 March 2020 The number of positive
patients, and one of them is
not known the origin of
transmission
2 Ada 34 Kasus Virus Corona di Indonesia,
Ini Langkah Pencegahannya
12 March 2020 There is an increase in cases,
as well as tips on prevention
3 RSPI Sulianto Saroso soal Dua Pasien
Positif Virus Corona Meninggal: Di Sini
Hanya Satu
13 March 2020 First casualty due to pandemic
4 Data 35 Pasien Baru Positif Virus Corona,
Kini Total Ada 69 Orang
14 March 2020 The addition of positive cases
of covid-19 in Indonesia
5 Pemerintah Jaga dan Minimalkan
Dampak Penyebaran Virus Corona
15 March 2020 The government's efforts to
prevent and minimize the
spread of COVID-19
6 Tiga Pasien Corona di Indonesia Berhasil
Sembuh, Inilah Pengakuannya saat
Menjalani Perawatan
16 March 2020 Covid-19 patients can be
cured
7 Satu Orang Warga Tangerang Selatan
Positif Corona Dilaporkan Meninggal
17 March 2020 The addition of positive cases
of covid-19 in Indonesia
8 Jumlah Penderita Virus Corona
Cenderung Naik, Ini Penjelasan
Pemerintah
18 March 2020 Information about the
increase in Covid-19 cases in
Indonesia
9 Langkah-langkah Jika Social Distancing
Tak Memungkinkan untuk Cegah Corona
19 March 2020 Steps taken to prevent the
spread of COVID-19
10 Cegah Penyebaran Covid-19, Menteri
Luar Negeri Larang Pendatang dari 10
Negara Ini Masuk Indonesia
20 March 2020 To prevent the spread of
COVID-19, the government
has banned entry from 10
countries
Table 2 is a mapping from the results of the analysis of the online news portal tribunnews.com
on March 11 to 20, 2020, where the news portal contains more news framing that emphasizes
the issue of fatalities and a significant increase in cases. The cause of this news is the
transmission of positive COVID-19 patients and it is not known where the transmission came
from. The moral value in this period is that the government continues to provide tips and ways
to prevent COVID-19 cases. The solution to this problem is to carry out social restrictions to
minimize the transmission of the pandemic, as well as a ban for foreigners who want to enter
Indonesia.
Source: Research Result, 2021
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Table 3. Example of News Title 21-31 March 2020
No News Tittles Date Frame News
1 Gawat, Sudah 17 Provinsi di Indonesia
Terjangkit Corona, 13 Daerah di Aceh
Berstatus Waspada
21 March
2020
There is a rapid increase in the
spread of cases in Indonesia
2 Pasien Covid-19 Balita di Yogyakarta
Berhasil Sembuh, Ini Kronologinya Hingga
Terinfeksi Corona
22 March
2020
Expectations for the recovery
of cases covid-19
3 Dampak Corona, Mall Plaza Indonesia Akan
Tutup Sepekan Lebih
23 March
2020
The impact of the COVID-19
pandemic on the economic
sector
4 Cegah Corona di Jakarta, Pusat
Perbelanjaan Batasi Jam Operasional
Hingga Tutupnya Sejumlah Tenant
24 March
2020
Efforts to minimize the spread
of the Covid-19 virus
5 Achmad Yurianto Tekankan Pentingnya
Peran Masyarakat dalam Penanganan
COVID-19
25 March
2020
The community plays a role in
handling the Covid-19 virus
6 Pemberdayaan Sektor Informal yang
Terdampak Wabah Virus Corona
26 March
2020
Efforts made by the
government for sectors
affected by the Covid-19 virus
7 Dampak Wabah Corona, Kadin DKI Sebut
Perekonomian Jakarta Turun 60 Persen
27 March
2020
The economy in the Jakarta
area is declining due to the
pandemic
8 Kemenhub Terbitkan Prosedur Kerja di
Proyek Prasarana Perkeretaapian untuk
Cegah Penularan Covid-19
28 March
2020
Work procedures for
transportation employees
during the covid-19 pandemic
9 Kasus Corona Meningkat, PT KAI Batalkan
28 Perjalanan Kereta dari Jakarta, Berikut
Daftarnya
29 March
2020
The impact of covid-19 on the
transportation sector so that
train trips are canceled
10 Jawa Barat dan DKI Jakarta Jadi Provinsi
Penyumbang Terbanyak Kasus Baru Virus
Corona di Indonesia
30 March
2020
Increasing cases in two
provinces in Indonesia
11 Ekonomi Indonesia Tahun Ini Diprediksi
Hanya Tumbuh 2,1 Persen karena Virus
Corona
31 March
2020
The impact of covid-19 on the
economic sector in Indonesia
Table 3 is a mapping from the results of the analysis of the online news portal tribunnews.com
on March 21 to 31, 2020, where on the news portal there is more news framing that emphasizes
the issue of additional casualties and losses in various sectors due to the pandemic. The cause
of this problem is due to the spread of corona cases in Indonesia so that there is a fairly high
increase that has an impact on various sectors such as the economy and transportation. The
moral value of this news is that the government continues to make efforts to minimize
transmission by inviting various stakeholders to minimize the transmission of the corona virus.
The solution to this problem is to carry out social restrictions through limiting hours in
shopping centers, transportation and empowering the informal sector to handle the outbreak.
Source : Research Result, 2021
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Sari, R. N. C., Kriyantono, R., & Prianti, D. D. (2021). Pre-Disaster Communication on Online News Portal Tribunnews March 2020 Edition as Disaster
Management Support. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(7). 240-250.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.87.10522
In framing the online news portal tribunnews.com, it emphasizes the role of the government in
overcoming and anticipating the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak which causes losses to the
community, both morally and materially.
In framing the news of the COVID-19 disaster in Indonesia on the online news portal
tribunnews.com, it presents the role of orders in dealing with the pandemic, how the solutions
are given during an outbreak. Empathy for the affected business people is also presented
because of the economic loss due to the pandemic. However, the news that emphasizes the
warning of the Covid-19 outbreak has not provided clear knowledge about the impact of the
outbreak.
News is a part of communication that keeps us informed about the changing events, issues and
figures in the outside world. Media as a channel for delivering messages plays a role in
providing information during the pre-disaster stage to minimize the risks that occur. The
distance between the spread of the Covid-19 outbreak is four months. Starting in Wuhan, China
in early December 2019 and entering Indonesia on March 2, 2020, it should have been
anticipated. By providing information on how to prevent and reduce mobility and not allow
foreigners to enter Indonesia, it should be done. When a disaster occurs, the mass media
provide information on how to avoid the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak. Education that can
be carried out in the mass media by providing knowledge about the background of disasters
and emergency management, not just as a reported event, considering the covid-19 pandemic
is a new thing in Indonesia.
In the literature review, researchers have explained how the delivery of messages and
information in disaster risk communication must pay attention to the context in activities in
disaster management which includes several stages. In the first phase, namely prevention, the
mass media has the function of socialization and education to form community preparedness
in dealing with disasters. In the second phase, namely mitigation, readiness and early warning,
the government is considered less prepared. In Indonesia itself, the government is not prepared
to deal with COVID-19. This can be seen from the number of information blunders made by the
government. The Institute for Research, Education, Economic and Social Information (LP3ES)
released the results of research on the political communication of President Joko Widodo's
cabinet during the COVID-19 pandemic. This institution stated that during the pandemic the
government made a number of blunders or communication errors. In the period January 1 to
April 5 2020, LP3ES recorded 37 government blunder statements related to the corona virus.
In the future, in communicating related to the corona outbreak, the government must be more
careful so as not to cause confusion to the public.
In the third phase, namely emergency response and emergency assistance, mass media can
support the much needed coordination and management functions for much-needed
coordination and management from the community, business people, medical personnel and
the government. Tribunnews conveyed various information that the government had prepared
regional hospitals to anticipate a spike in Covid-19 cases. In the fourth phase, namely recovery
and rehabilitation, the media can provide necessary counseling and entertainment for victims
who are traumatized by disasters and efforts to restore social and psychological conditions to
normal. The news can be entertaining by presenting the patient's recovery, such as the news
on March 16, 2020 so that there is optimism for healing in the face of disaster. In the last phase,
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namely reconstruction or reconstruction, mass media becomes a means of learning and
reflection on issues or events such as the COVID-19 outbreak, which can be used by all levels of
society to be more vigilant in dealing with future pandemics.
In presenting news, one must pay attention to the disaster journalism approach by prioritizing
the empathy aspect, placing more emphasis on information on the interests of the community.
The media must provide the information needed by the community, by providing accurate and
timely information it will reduce uncertainty, panic and fear due to unclear information. This is
also consistent with the main goal of journalism which is to tell the truth so that people will
have the information they need [3].
Journalists tend to have difficulty covering disaster news, this is because of the emotional aspect
experienced by journalists because of the suffering and tragedy experienced by the victims.
However, journalists should not get carried away because the main task of a journalist is to
provide information, the information conveyed should not be carried away by the emotional
atmosphere of journalists. [13] explains that the important principles in disaster journalism are
accuracy, humanism, commitment to rehabilitation, and control must be maintained and
prioritized in order to present news that can provide education for the community.
The scale of the disaster is also an important element in disaster reporting in the mass media.
This is because it is related to the humanitarian element. By paying attention to the scale of the
disaster and the content of the disaster news, it will provide important information in the
possibility of dealing with disasters, disaster management and activities after the disaster.
Information regarding the impact of a disaster can provide knowledge and understanding for
the community regarding the severity of the condition, the economic crisis, the loss of life and
the efforts made to restore the situation. Thus, the mass media can act as an early warning in
dealing with disasters that occur. Disaster risk communication in the mass media is very
important and can determine the success of the government in providing information for public
safety and overcoming disasters that occur.
CONCLUSION
The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the health problems that has been upgraded to a national
disaster status, thus triggering media reporting. Framing on the tribunnews.com news portal
which presents news about the COVID-19 outbreak disaster still does not provide detailed and
clear knowledge about disasters. The news frame still emphasizes the events of victims exposed
to the Covid-19 virus, as well as the impact of the transportation sector and the economy. The
mass media, which has a role as an early warning, still need to optimize by emphasizing the
educational aspect of prevention in order to educate the affected community so as to improve
the community's ability to deal with the pandemic.
This study has limitations because it only focuses on one media, namely tribunnews.com,
besides that researchers also focus on when the Covid-19 case entered Indonesia, namely
March 2020. Further research can conduct a study in the following month to find out more
about how the media provide information. role in disaster management.
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Sari, R. N. C., Kriyantono, R., & Prianti, D. D. (2021). Pre-Disaster Communication on Online News Portal Tribunnews March 2020 Edition as Disaster
Management Support. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(7). 240-250.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.87.10522
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