Page 1 of 21
Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal – Vol. 8, No. 5
Publication Date: May 25, 2021
DOI:10.14738/assrj.85.10216.
Poher, C., & Poher, D. (2021). Transient Luminous Events, into the Stratosphere and the Mesosphere, observed during violent
thunderstorms lightning, are explained thanks to laboratory jets of photons in air, occuring during emission of Gravitational Quanta.
Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 8(5). 261-281.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Transient Luminous Events, into the Stratosphere and the
Mesosphere, observed during violent thunderstorms lightning,
are explained thanks to laboratory jets of photons in air, occuring
during emission of Gravitational Quanta
Claude POHER
Laboratoire Aurora, 33 Chemin de la Bourdette — 31400 Toulouse — France
Danielle POHER
Laboratoire Aurora, 33 Chemin de la Bourdette — 31400 Toulouse — France
ABSTRACT
A Gravitational field emitter, as we patented in 2006, is composed of an “active”
material squeezed between two metallic electrodes. The active material is
superconducting, with conductive or insulating grains added inside, to get local
electric fields during brief electric discharges made into that emitter. Along such a
discharge, the emitter propels itself, by anisotropic re-emission of interacting
Gravitational Quanta. These emitted quanta accelerate distant matter particles
placed along their trajectory. With early YBCO superconducting material emitters,
cooled down by liquid nitrogen, we observed systematically a bright emission of
light into the bath. This light emission is caused by nitrogen molecules’ ionization
by gravitational quanta push. In 2012, the partial superconducting behavior of
natural Graphite, at room temperature, was discovered, so we built new emitters
from Graphite. These shown the same propelling effect as the early ones made of
YBCO, with a lower performance. Here we record and discuss light emission in the
form of jets of photons, in air, at room temperature, and pressure, during strong
electric discharges into Graphite based emitters. These results enhance the
confirmation of predictions from our theoretical Quantum model of Inertia and
Gravitation. They explain also the enigmatic Transient Luminous Events observed
in the atmosphere over thunderstorms clouds.
Keywords: Gravitation – Inertia – Gravitational Quanta (Universons) – Transient
Luminous Events.
BACKGROUND
Our research work incitation came, half a century ago, from enigmatic observations, by
Astronomers (Rubin & al., 1980) of orbital velocities of stars and gas, into all galaxies of the
Universe. That behavior of Gravitation was unexplained by models, it inferred an energetic
enigma about the source of Gravitational kinetic energies. These facts suggested the existence
of “Dark Matter” mass to many physicists. One of us (CP) was professionally concerned as being
in charge of Astronomical Space Research in a French National Institution (CNES). We thought
that a specific Quantum Physics model of Gravitation and Inertia was required.
Page 2 of 21
262
Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal (ASSRJ) Vol. 8, Issue 5, May-2021
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Our “Universons” theoretical model
Our Quantum Physics model of inertia was built along several decades of theoretical work. That
model used Gravitational Quanta (named “Universons”), and explained the enigmatic behavior
of Gravitation without any need for Dark Matter mass (Poher, 2011 & 2020). Universons model
required the existence of a general, dense, isotropic field of these Quanta, propagating
everywhere into the Universe. That field carries a huge amount of kinetic energy, and interacts
feebly with matter particles. That model required experimental confirmation of several
physical phenomena we predicted, into a laboratory, before being published. These phenomena
were predicted to be created from a strong acceleration of elementary matter particles. Using
the BCS theory of superconductors, we imagined in 2005 the possibility to experiment with a
superconducting material, thanks to accelerations of interlinked Cooper pairs of electrons
existing into such materials.
Early experiments
For laboratory verification of our Inertia model, we invented and patented a Gravitational Space
Electric propelling device, named “emitter” (Fig1 — Poher, 2006 Patent).
Figure 1 — Example of 60 mm diameter YBCO propelling emitter, with porous bronze
electrodes. It propels, without ejection of matter mass, when powered by an intense electric
current (Poher, 2011).
We created a private Applied Physics Laboratory (Aurora) to achieve the required experiments.
Our first emitters, made in 2007 from YBCO superconductor material (YBa2Cu3O7), confirmed
immediately all our predicted facts. We improved that technology and published our
experimental results (Poher, 2011, 2012, 2017). For example, emitters confirmed the predicted
propelling effect without the ejection of matter, with a propelling momentum proportional to
the transferred electric energy.
We observed the emission of light, into the liquid nitrogen bath cooling down our YBCO based
emitters, as soon as we started our very first experiments (Fig 2).
Figure 2 — Example of emission of light, during a 30 μs electric discharge into a YBCO emitter
bathing into a cryostat filled with liquid nitrogen. Light flash is present on a single image of a
distant video camera file.
Page 3 of 21
263
Poher, C., & Poher, D. (2021). Transient Luminous Events, into the Stratosphere and the Mesosphere, observed during violent thunderstorms
lightning, are explained thanks to laboratory jets of photons in air, occuring during emission of Gravitational Quanta. Advances in Social Sciences
Research Journal, 8(5). 261-281.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.85.10216
We made several spectra of that light. They were similar to the ones of ionized molecular
nitrogen. We also made fast video recordings of the light into the bath (250000 images per
second, with a transparent cryostat), showing that the whole liquid nitrogen volume was
emitting light.
The electric field applied to the emitter immersed into the nitrogen bath was not large enough
to ionize nitrogen atoms, so we concluded that there was electrons extraction from nitrogen
atoms by Gravitational Quanta push. These anisotropic quanta are effectively re-emitted during
electric discharges made into our emitters, and they are the cause of the strong propelling effect
predicted and observed.
Graphite-based emitters
Experiments with cryogenic superconductors, such as YBCO, required immersion into liquid
nitrogen, to get the material under its superconducting critical temperature. Then, came the
discovery of Graphite partially superconducting behavior, at room temperature (Esquinazi,
1999, 2012, 2014).
We started In 2012, we started building emitters with Graphite-based superconducting
material. We improved them and got efficient propelling results in 2015, with the immersion of
such emitters into distilled water, at room temperature. Progressively, we were able to observe
high electric energy experiments, without immersion into a cooling liquid. The experiments
described here were made with a large efficient Graphite-based emitter, in the air, at
laboratory temperature, and atmospheric pressure. This in order to observe the emission of
light.
Why this new experimentation of electrons and light emission in the air?
We have experimentally proven that our Quantum model of Inertia and of Gravity, (Poher,
2011, 2012, 2020) predicts the strong experimental propelling behavior of our emitters in the
laboratory. We also confirmed several predicted side physical phenomena created by the
emitted Quanta. However, we have not yet observed laboratory experiments, where there was
an interaction of Gravitational Quanta, emitted by our emitters, with atmospheric air. With
experiments now made possible in the air, thanks to large, improved Graphite-based emitters,
we were able to observe the predicted emission of light in air, at room temperature and
pressure. This was a way to further confirm our theoretical model.
Relevant Scholarship and scientific importance
Till date, models of Gravitation, and Universe evolution (Cosmology models), use Dark Matter
hypothesis (Ostriker, 1999 – CERN, 2012 – NASA, 2015), or they use a “MOND” paradigm
hypothesis (Modified Newtonian Dynamics, Milgrom, 1983 & 2020), inserted into
interpretations of accurate observations of Cosmological background photons (Collab Plank,
2018).
However, there has not been not any experimental confirmation of Dark Matter particles
observation, despite numerous underground laboratories and complex experimental systems.
Therefore, our very simple and easily reproducible experiments, about Gravitational Quanta
behavior, are of fundamental scientific importance.
Page 4 of 21
264
Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal (ASSRJ) Vol. 8, Issue 5, May-2021
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
EXPERIMENTS DESCRIPTION
Our experiments (Fig 3) use electric discharges into an emitter EM, from a 206.5 μF capacitor
C, previously charged to a known voltage Uo, through a power thyristor Th. The high voltage
Uo defines the stored electric energy Eo. We chose Uo from 100 to 3500 Volts, giving stored
energies Eo between 1 to 1225 Joules. The propelling effect created by the emitter is measured
by a piezoelectric professional accelerometer, bolted at one end to a brass rod, itself bolted at
its other end to the emitter support. This way, the propelling mechanical shock is delayed, to
avoid mixing a Faraday’s induction into the accelerometer, and the propelling effect signal.
Figure 3 — Principle of an experiment with an emitter EM squeezed between two electrodes E+
and E-. In reality, the experiment is implemented vertically, with the brass rod and
accelerometer enclosed into a Faraday’s cage to reduce the electromagnetic perturbation
caused by the discharge current.
Figure 4 — The above discharge circuit contains a damping resistance named Ra,(emitter
resistance included), which is adjusted in order to get a non oscillating critical current
condition, from relation Ra = 2(Lc / C) 1/2 .
With Lc = 2.1 μH and C = 206.5 μF, the critical damping resistance value Ra should be 0.20 Ohm.
Emitter used here
We used emitter EM276, made of two Brass discs of 115 mm diameter, and 2 mm thickness,
with a central hole of 12 mm diameter, insulated by a PTFE tube. The two discs were first
installed into a mold, then a liquid “mud” mixture, made of pure natural Graphite powder, and
distilled water, plus SiC grains, was poured into the discs for the water to evaporate. The two
discs and dry Graphite compound were then pressed together, by a central bolt. A peripheral
leakproof belt, made of glass fibers and epoxy glue, finished the fabrication. The emitter DC
electric resistance was 1.95 Ohm, its mass was 398 grams.
Figure 5 — Two Brass electrodes of emitter EM276, before pouring active material in liquid
form into the molds.
Page 5 of 21
265
Poher, C., & Poher, D. (2021). Transient Luminous Events, into the Stratosphere and the Mesosphere, observed during violent thunderstorms
lightning, are explained thanks to laboratory jets of photons in air, occuring during emission of Gravitational Quanta. Advances in Social Sciences
Research Journal, 8(5). 261-281.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.85.10216
Figure 6 — Insulated stainless steel conductors, plus Aluminum milled electrodes, plus an 8
mm diameter stainless steel pressing nut and bolt, insulated by PTFE rings, were used to press
the emitter during experiments.
Experiment implementation
Emitter EM276 is pressed into its powering support. The assembly is bolted to the
accelerometer brass rod, and installed onto thick plastic foam, on the upper cover of the
Faraday’s cage protecting the accelerometer. Two large flexible copper wires connect the
emitter to the power box containing the 206.5 μF energy storage capacitor, the thyristor, and
the adjustable damping resistor Ra.
Figure 7 — Installation of Emitter EM276 horizontally, onto 5 cm thick plastic foam and flexible
conductors.
Upper electrode is connected to the positive power box terminal.
The upper electrode of EM276 is connected to the positive end of the power box, in order to get
an upwards acceleration of electrons Cooper pairs, into the superconducting Graphite material.
This gives an emission of Gravitational Quanta upwards, and therefore a downward direction of
the propelling effect.
Measurement of propelling effect under 4 Joules electric discharge
A first electric discharge is made at very low stored electric energy, 4 Joules only. This means a
charge voltage Uo of 200 Volts. This low voltage is chosen because our large EM276 emitter is
very powerful, so we wanted to avoid saturating the propelling acceleration measurement
chain. We required an approximate value of the emitter propelling performance (propelling
momentum per electric Joule), for experimental results discussion. Here, the discharge circuit
is critically damped, so the electric energy sent to the emitter is 25%, the stored energy (here,
Page 6 of 21
266
Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal (ASSRJ) Vol. 8, Issue 5, May-2021
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
one Joule only, for 4 Joules stored). And the peak voltage applied to the emitter is 50 % the Uo
value, so here 100 Volts. Knowing these discharge parameters, we recorded the oscillograms of
Figure 8.
Figure 8 — Signals recorded during 4 joules discharge into emitter EM276. The yellow curve is
the discharge current (2793 Amperes peak). Time scale is 100 μs per doted line spaces.
Therefore half width current duration is 60 μs. The blue curve is the calibrated propelling
accelerometer signal, with a first peak acceleration value of 20 g’s or 196 m/s 2 and a half width
of the first alternation of 30 μs. The propelling shock is delayed 250 μs by the brass rod
transmission speed. There is a tiny electromagnetic induction at discharge beginning. The
propelling shock triggers the accelerometer mass and brass rod oscillations which are feebly
damped
We see here that emitter EM276 does not follow Ohm’s law, because we have a peak current of
2793 Amperes for a 100 Volts peak voltage applied to that device, having a DC resistance of
1.95 Ohms. Effectively, emitted Gravitational Quanta extract electrons from the emitter
materials, by pushing action, and these electrons increase a lot the discharge current. This was
a predicted effect.
During the discharge, emitter EM276 propelled down a total mobile mass of 734 grams. On
average, and approximately, we can consider that the propelled mass was accelerated down at
196 m/s 2 during 30 μs only. So the average speed of that mass, at the end of the discharge, was
about 5.88 .10 — 3 m/s.
So the propelling momentum was 0,734 times that speed, or 4.3 g.m/s. This for one single Joule
of electric energy transferred to that emitter. An exact calculation does not differ significantly
from such a rough estimate.
This means that the emitter momentum propelling performance is about 4 g.m/s per Joule.
During the low energy electric discharge, we did not observe emission of light with the naked
eye. We only noticed a very brief “Schlack” noise like a whip sound.
Therefore, to record an emission of light, as brief as the discharge current (80 to 100 μs long),
we had to increase the stored energy of the discharge, and record the light flash with a distant
video camera at 25 fps.