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DOI: 10.14738/aivp.92.9941
Publication Date: 25th April, 2021
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.92.9941
Prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal nematode
infection in domestic horses (Equus Caballus) in the
Sudano-Guinean Altitude Zone of the North West Region
of Cameroon
Mbafor Fidelia Lem1, Bomba Tatsinkou2 , Payne Vincent Khan 2 ,Seino
Richard2 , Tchoumboue 3
1) Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary
Medicine, University of Buea, PO Box 63 Buea. Cameroon
2) Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO
Box 96, Dschang Cameroon
3) Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Dschang, PO Box 222 Dschang, Cameroon
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted from March to September 2020 in five Sub-Divisions in
Donga Mantung to determine the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal (GI)
nematode infection of domestic horses with the objective to develop and implement
strategic parasitic control measures. A total of 794 randomly selected horses (317
males and 477 females), aged ≤1 to ≥7 years old were examined using standard
parasitological procedure. Fresh fecal samples were collected from the rectum and
examined coprologicaly in the laboratory for the presence of GI nematode eggs. A
qualitative flotation technic using saturated sodium chloride solution and a
quantitative technic using the Mc Master Slide method of coprological analysis were
realized. Result indicated nine species of nematodes (Strongylus equinus, Parascaris
equorum, Oxyuris equi, Habronema muscae, Strongyloides westeri, Trichostrongylus
axei, Trichonema sp, Triodontophorus serratus and Dictyocaulus aenfieldi) were
identified. Horses harbored one or more nematode infection with a total prevalence
rate of 100% for the gastrointestinal nematodes. The two genera of nematodes
commonly encounter during the study period were Strongylus equinus type of egg
(97,0% ) and Parascaris equorum (52,0%) in horses. There was a significant
difference (P<0.05) in prevalence of Strongyle type of eggs and P. equorum between
species. The mean intensity of infection was 1459 ± 956 in horses with age 3 years.
Poly-parasitic infections with prevalence of 98,0% were more common than mono- parasitic infections of 2,0%. These results suggest the possible need of studying the
epidemiology, economic impact of these nematodes affecting the equine industry,
stimulating important aspects to livestock programs and prevention activities.
Key words: Prevalence, Intensity, Gastro-intestinal Nematodes, Horses, Donga
Mantung
1. INTRODUCTION
Cameroon’s biological resources can be grouped into agricultural, fisheries,
livestock, and the forestry sectors [1]. It is estimated that the population of its
horses is about 15000[1]. Horses plays an important role in rural communities
providing transport at low cost, building materials, agricultural products and people
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Lem, M. F., Tatsinkou, B., Khan, P. V., Richard, S., & Tchoumboue. (2021). Prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal
nematode infection in domestic horses (Equus Caballus) in the Sudano-Guinean Altitude Zone of the North West
Region of Cameroon. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(2). 177-189.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.92.9941
[2]. Horse meat consumption doesn’t pose any danger to the population if the animal
is healthy [3]. Despite its huge population size, horses remain marginal due to high
prevalence of malnutrition, management constraints and disease like parasitism.
This horse neglect and abuse cases originate from a lack of economic resources
needed to adequately maintain the horse's health and most cases of helminthiasis
are from gastrointestinal nematodes [4]. Parasitism represents a major obstacle to
the development of the horse farming system in the country [5] and characterized
by high morbidity and mortality rates. As a result, gastrointestinal nematode
infections are serious health hazards, contributing to poor body condition, reduced
power output, poor productive performance and short life span. The reason is that
gastrointestinal tract provides an environment suitable for the survival and
proliferation of many nematodes [6]. These worm infections may be affected by
poor sanitation and environmental conditions [7]. Factors like age, sex, breed,
physiological status of the host affect the intensity and prevalence of infection of GI
nematodes in horses [8] which can be more serious in young, undernourished
horses and mares. These gastrointestinal nematodes have the potential to cause
serious health crises including diarrhea, emaciation, colic, anaemia, haemorrhage
and even death [9], leading to serious economic losses to the breeders. Knowing
that more than 80% of the Muslem population of this area depend on horses for
work purposes, cultural and festive activities, the objectives of this study are to
identify the gastrointestinal nematodes infecting these animals and assess the main
risk factors associated with the infection, so as to help this agrarian population
adopt a strategic health program to combat these infections and reduce the adverse
impacts of gastrointestinal nematode infections in their animals.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Study area
This study was carried out from March to September 2020 in five sub-divisions
(Ako, Misaje, Ndu, Nkambe and Nwa) in Donga Mantung Division in the North West
Region of Cameroon. Itis located at latitude 6° 40 ́0 ́ ́N and longitude of 10° 50 ́60 ́ ́E.
Numerous mountains, plateaus, hills and streams mark the topography of the zone.
The soils are predominantly lateritic. There are also ferruginous soils in some areas
and soils formed from alluvial materials, as well as organic soils or andosols. The
climate is of the tropical Sudano-Guinean type at high altitude, with two seasons: a
short dry season of 4 months from mid-November to mid-March and a long rainy
season of about 8 months from mid-March to mid-November. Rainfall varies
between 1500 mm and 3000 mm per year with a peak in September. The average
number of rainy days is around 175 days a year. Mean annual temperatures range
from 14°C to 28°C [10].
3. METHODS
3.1 Collection of fecal samples
Fresh fecal samples were collected with gloved hands, directly from the rectum of
each animal at 8:00am five day in the week. They were placed in plastic bags and
labeled with the age, sex of the animal, date, and month of collection. The specimens
obtained from horses were immediately dispatched in ice packed bags to the
Laboratory of the Regional Veterinary Clinic, Regional Delegation of Livestock,
Fisheries and Animal Industries, North West Region Cameroon, where they were
immediately analyzed or stored in the refrigerator at + 4°C to be analyzed within the
following 48 hours.
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For the qualitative analysis of feces, the flotation technique using saturated sodium
chloride solution (NaCl) as described by [11] and [12] were used to identify the eggs
of nematodes.
For the quantitative analysis or determination of the number of eggs per gram of
feces (EPG), the Mc Master technique described by [11] and [12] were used to
evaluate the parasitic load. For each sample, 2 analyses were carried out to
determine the EPG and the average of these two trials taken into consideration.
Identification of eggs of nematodes was done based on morphological
characteristics which include:- the size of the egg, the number of blastomeres in the
egg, the nature of the egg shell, and the nature of the larvae if the egg was larvated
[11] and [12]. Eggs were measured using an ocular micrometer.
3.2 Statistical analysis
Data collected from the field and laboratory investigations were properly coded into
appropriate variables and entered in to MicroSoft Excel work sheet for statistical
analysis. All these were performed using statistical software packages for social
science (SPSS). The prevalence was calculated by dividing the number of positive
animals by the total number of animals examined and times 100. The mean intensity
of infections of different gastrointestinal nematodes with respect to each sub
division, age and sex of animal was expressed in the number of egg per gram (EPG)
of faeces as: EPG = N x 200
Where
N = Average of the number of eggs counted in the 2 chamber.
N1= Number of eggs counted in the first chamber
N2 = Number of eggs counted in the second chamber
The Chi-square test was used to measure the association of different
gastrointestinal nematodes with respect to each sub division, age and sex of animal.
In all the analyses, confidence level was held at 95% at the P<0.05 significance level.
4. RESULTS
4.1 Prevalence of gastro-intestinal nematodes of horses per Sub-Division
Nine species of nematodes (Strongylus equinus, Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides
westeri, Trichostrongylus axei, Habronema muscae, Trichonema sp, Oxyuris equi,
Triodontophorus serratus and Dictyocaulus arnfieldi were identified in all five
Subdivisions (Figure 1). Independent of the sub division Strongylus equinus (34,0%)
recorded the highest prevalence, followed by P. equorum (16,0%), O. equi (14,0%),
Trichonema sp (12,0%), T. axei (10,0%). Strongyloides westeri and D. arnfieldi
registered a prevalence of 5,0% each. Habronema muscae and Triodontophorus
serratus(2,0%) had the lowest prevalence in all the sub-divisions with no significant
difference (P<0.05) in the prevalence of these nematodes. Strongylus equinis
recorded its highest prevalence in horses from Nkambe (47,0%) and the lowest
from Nwa (22,0%). Pin worms Oxyuris equi were more prevalent in horses from Ako
(19,0%) while Trichonema sp (14,0%) were mostly seen in horses from Ndu Sub
! = !1 + !2
2
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Lem, M. F., Tatsinkou, B., Khan, P. V., Richard, S., & Tchoumboue. (2021). Prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal
nematode infection in domestic horses (Equus Caballus) in the Sudano-Guinean Altitude Zone of the North West
Region of Cameroon. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(2). 177-189.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.92.9941
Division. Parascaris equorum registered the highest prevalent in horses from Misaje
(20,0%) and Ndu (19,0%) compared to horses from Ako (17,0%) and Nkambe
(8,0%). Triodontophorus serratus was least represented in all the subdivisions, with
Nwa recorded the highest prevalence of 4,0% followed by Ndu and Nkambe with
2,0% each. This nematode was not found in horses from Misaje (0,0%) and had a
prevalence of 1,0% in horses from Ako.
Figure 1: Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses per Sub-Division
4.2 Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses per age
The prevalence of gastro-intestinal nematode infections of horses per age in 5 Sub- Divisions in Donga Mantung is presented in Figure 2. Whatever the age, the genus
most highly represented was S. equinus (33,0%) followed by P.equorum (18,0%) in
all age groups. Triodontophorus serratus (1,0%) registered the lowest prevalence in
horses of all age groups. Some nematodes prefer horses of a particular age. For
example, P. equorum were most prevalent in horses ≤ 1year (26,0%),followed by
horses of 2 years old (25,0%). Nematodes like H. muscaee, Triodontophorus serratus
and Dictyocaulus arnfieldi were not found in horses ≤ 1year old. Trichostrongylus
axei (24.0%) were mostly found in old horses ≥7 year.
Figure 2: Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses per age
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ako Misaje Ndu Nkambe Nwa Total
Prevalence (%)
Sub-Divisions in Donga Mantung Division
D. arnfieldi
T. serratus
O. equi
Trichonema
H. muscae
T. axei
S. westeri
P. equorum
S. equinus
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
≤ 1 2 3 4 5 6 ≥ 7 Total
Prevalence (%)
Age of horses (years)
D. arnfieldi
T. serratus
O. equi
Trichonema
H. muscae
T. axei
S. westeri
P. equorum
S. equinus
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4.3 Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in male and female horses
Horses of both sexes were infected with all the nematodes (Figure 3). For some
nematodes, female horses were more infected than male horses. Strongylus equinus
recorded the highest prevalence (30,0%) in both sexes of horses followed by P.
equorum and O. equi with 18,0% respectively. The lowest prevalence was seen in
Triodontophorus serratus with both male and female horses having only 1,0% each.
The overall prevalence of T. axei was 5,0% even though it was more prevalent in
male (7,0%) than in female horses (3,0%) with a significant difference (P<0.05). On
the contrary, Perascaris equrum (19,0%) and S. westeri (7,0%) brought out a higher
preference in female horses compared to the males.
Figure 3: Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses per sex
4.4 Prevalence of nematodes associations in horses
Figure 4 illustrates four types of nematode associations in horses. Triple infections
(63,0%) was the most frequent, followed by double infections (20,0%), quadruple
infection (15,0%) and single infections (2,0%). For horses with triple infections, the
most frequent combinations were Strongylus equinus + P. equorum + O. equi (25,6),
while for quadruple associations, S. equinus + P. equorum + O. equi + T. axei (32,7)
were more common. Double nematode infections were characterized by S. equinus
+ P. equorum (43,3) , while S. equinus (25,0) was most common for single infections
(See Annexes). However, single infections with Strongyloides westeri were common
with young female horses (foals) less than 1 year old.
Figure 4: Frequency of Association of mono and poly-parasitic infections
0
20
40
60
80
100
male female male & female
Prevalence (%)
Sexes of horses
D. arnfieldi
T. serratus
O.equi
Trichonema
H. muscae
T. axei
S. westeri
P. equorum
S.equinus
2
20
63
15
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Mono Parasite Bi Parasite Tri Parasite Quadruple
Parasite
Prevalence (%)
Type of nematode associations
Associations of
infections
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Lem, M. F., Tatsinkou, B., Khan, P. V., Richard, S., & Tchoumboue. (2021). Prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal
nematode infection in domestic horses (Equus Caballus) in the Sudano-Guinean Altitude Zone of the North West
Region of Cameroon. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(2). 177-189.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.92.9941
4.5 Intensity of gastrointestinal nematode infection per Age
The intensity of gastrointestinal nematodes infection varies with the different ages
of the animals (Table 1) and the highest intensity was observed with Strongylus
equinus (1459±956) in horses with age less than or equal to3 years.
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Table 1: Intensity of gastrointestinal nematode infection of horses per age
Age Strongylus
equinus
Parascaris
equorum
Strongyloides
westeri
Trichostrongylu
s axei
Habronema
muscae
Trichonema
sp
Oxyuris equi Triodontophorus
serratus
Dictyocaulus
arnfieldi
≤ 1 1073±288 862±575 1373±1852 750±100 800±0 954±654 1265±738 600±0 600±0
2 1458±747 700±466 645±326 800±566 450±300 624±267 917±460 1533±643 540±313
3 1459±965 602±397 985±269 558±392 429±220 672±380 909±506 567±223 592±231
4 810±492 467±410 500±242 409±286 440±280 550±305 750±448 400±245 498±269
5 676±368 389±232 222±67 459±286 317±155 404±202 490±295 480±303 394±246
6 547±305 310±177 222±67 379±207 225±68 351±160 427±256 200±0 419±224
≥ 7 1846±1257 300±141 300±141 336±168 300±141 262±126 333±163 200±0 345±93
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Type of Associations
Table 2: Monoparasitic Infection of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses
Mono-Parasitic
infection
Number of Horses
Examined Infected Percentage (%)
Strongylus equinus
16
4 25,0
Parascaris equorum 2 12,5
Oxyuris equi 2 12,5
Trichostrongylus axei 2 12,5
Strongyloides westeri 6 37,5
Total 16 100
Table 3: Double- parasitic Infection of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses
Double -Parasitic infection Number of Horses
Examined Infected Percentage (%)
Strongylus equinus + P. equorum
159
69 43,3
Oxyuris equi + Strongylus equinus 30 18,9
Parascaris equorum + Oxyuris equi 22 13,8
Strongyloides westeri + Strongylus equinu 13 8,2
T.axei + Strongyles equinus 10 6,3
Habronema muscae + Strongylus equinus 5 3,1
Oxyuris equi + T.axei 4 2,5
Trichonema + Triodontophorus serratus 2 1,3
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi + Strongylus equinus 2 1,3
Triodontophorus serratus + Strongylus equinus 2 1,3
Total 159 100
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Table 4: Tripple-parasitic Infection of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses
Tripple -Parasitic infection
Number of Horses
Examined Infected Percentage
(%)
Strongylus equinus + Parascaris equorum + Oxyuris equi
500
128 25,6
Parascaris equorum + Oxyuris equi + T.axei 52 10,4
Parascaris equorum + S.westeri + S. equinus 44 8,8
Parascaris equorum + S. equinus + T.axei 25 5,0
Parascaris equorum + Oxyuris equi + S.westeri 25 5,0
T.axei + Trichonema + S. equinus 15 3,0
Oxyuris equi + S. equinus + Trichonema 15 3,0
Parascaris equorum + Oxyuris equi + T.axei 15 3,0
Oxyuris equi + T.axei + Strongylus equinus 15 3,0
S.westeri + D.arnfieldi + Strongylus equinus 15 3,0
Parascaris equorum + D.arnfieldi + Strongylus equinus 14 2,8
Parascaris equorum + Oxyuris equi + Habronema 14 2,8
Oxyuris equi + D.arnfieldi + Strongylus equinus 13 2,6
Oxyuris equi + T.axei + Trichonema 13 2,6
Parascaris equorum + S.westeri + T. serratus 12 2,4
Parascaris equorum + Oxyuris equi + D.arnfieldi 12 2,4
D.arnfieldi + Trichonema + Strongylus equinus 12 2,4
Parascaris equorum + D.arnfieldi + T.axei 12 2,4
D.arnfieldi + T.axei + Triodontophorus serratus 12 2,4
Parascaris equorum + Habronema + Strongylus equinus 12 2,4
S.westeri + T.axei + Strongylus equinus 11 2,2
Oxyuris equi + Habronema + Strongylus equinus 9 1,8
P. equorum + Triodontophorus serratus + S. equinus 5 1,0
Total 500
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Table 5: Quadruple-parasitic Infection of gastrointestinal nematodes in horses
Quadruple -Parasitic infection Number of Horses
Examined Infected Percentage (%)
Parascaris equorum + Oxyuris equi + T. axei + Strongylus equinus
119
39 32,7
Parascaris equorum + Oxyuris equi + S.westeri + Strongylus equinus 20 16,8
Parascaris equorum+ Oxyuris equi+ T.axei + D. arnfieldi 15 12,6
Oxyuris equi + D.arnfieldi + T.axei + Trichonema 15 12,6
Oxyuris equi + T.axei + Trichonema+ Strongylus equinus 12 10,1
Parascaris equorum + Oxyuris equi + Habronema + Strongylus equinus 9 7,6
Parascaris equorum + Oxyuris equi + D.arnfieldi + Trichonema 9 7,6
Total 119
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European Journal of Applied Sciences, Volume 9 No. 2, April 2021
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5. DISCUSSION
Gastrointestinal nematode infection is the main disease condition affecting horses
in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world [13]. . In the present study, nine
species of gastrointestinal and lung nematodes were identified following the
methodology used. The results are similar with the report of [14], who indicated that
no horse was found free out of 1340 examined from Adami Tulu, Ethiopia.
Strongylus equinus was the most prevalent nematode in all sub-divisions, sexes, and
age groups. This finding corroborates with the work of [15]. Other studies also
reported very high prevalence of Strongyles in horses between 90,0 and 100% [16a
and b], since Strongyles are the threat of horses. The differences in species and
number of nematodes obtained in this study could be due to the fact that, horses are
graze permanently on free-range, exposing them to frequent infections. Parascaris
equorum infection which is an equine specific roundworm has a cosmopolitan
distribution because horses were frequently used in cart and do not have enough
time to graze on field; only often in the evening for one to two hours. More so, the
ecological zone, the cold climate as well as poor deworming practices in these
animals favor the development and growth of these nematodes in the horses.
Nematodes like Trichostrongylus axei are equally found in ruminants, even though
the majority of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses are host-specific [17]. In this
study, some nematodes prefers female horses to males, due to the production of
some female hormones. The high prevalence and intensity of Strongylus equinus
shows that there is a risk of infection with this nematode if young and old horses
graze together in the same pasture. That is why in mono and poly-parasitic
infections, Strongylus equinus recorded the highest prevalence. Mono-parasitic
infection is relatively rare in horses, may be because they are large mammals with a
large digestive tube. Poly-parasitic infection is favored by mutual and auto infections
since they graze together. These associations of nematodes indicate that they are
non-destructive to each other and are not competing amongst themselves. The
effects of the presence of worms are not usually spectacular. However, they do cause
decreased work efficiency, poor utilization of food, colic, and occasionally death due
to blood clots. Some adult worms may produce toxins that destroy red blood cells,
leading to unthrifty anemic condition. Immature worms migrate through body
tissues, creating room for secondary bacteria and fungi to enter, causing other
serious diseases.
6. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, gastrointestinal nematode infections are the major animal health
constraints in horses in Donga Mantung Division, contributing huge losses in their
productivity. The prevalence and intensity of infection of nematodes in horses is
influenced by the age and sex of animals. Besides the managerial problems, there is
also a lack of knowledge on periodic deworming and treatment of horses by the
owners. In line with the above conclusion, the following are recommended:
1. Periodic deworming program should be implemented for these animals by
the government to show their attachment to the activities of horse breeders
in this division.
2. Grazing horses, donkeys and ruminants on same pasture should be avoided.
3. Horse breeders should regularly contact Veterinarians for prophylactic and
curative treatment of their animals.
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Lem, M. F., Tatsinkou, B., Khan, P. V., Richard, S., & Tchoumboue. (2021). Prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal
nematode infection in domestic horses (Equus Caballus) in the Sudano-Guinean Altitude Zone of the North West
Region of Cameroon. European Journal of Applied Sciences, 9(2). 177-189.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.92.9941
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to express their sincere thanks to all the Horse Breeders, and
Veterinarians who contributed to the realization of this work. We also thank the
Technicians of the Regional Veterinary Laboratory for their support.
8. CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
The authors have not declared any conflict of interests
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