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European Journal of Applied Sciences – Vol. 12, No. 6
Publication Date: December 25, 2024
DOI:10.14738/aivp.126.17951.
Akter, L., Hossain, M. M., Quamruzzaman, A. K. M., Habibur Rahman, M., Abdur Rahim, M., & Khatun, R. (2024). Genetic
Divergence of Sweet Pepper in Bangladesh. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(6). 277-286.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Genetic Divergence of Sweet Pepper in Bangladesh
Limu Akter
Olericulture Division, Horticuture Research Centre,
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute,
Joydebpur, Gazipur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Md. Mokter Hossain
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh- 2202, Bangladesh
A K M Quamruzzaman
Olericulture Division, Horticuture Research Center,
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur,
Gazipur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Md. Habibur Rahman
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh- 2202, Bangladesh
Md. Abdur Rahim
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture,
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh- 2202, Bangladesh
Rahima Khatun
Division, Horticuture Research Centre,
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute,
Joydebpur, Gazipur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
The study of genetic divergence in sweet pepper is essential for enhancing crop
yield, quality, and adaptability, especially in regions like Bangladesh where
agriculture plays a critical role in the economy. The present investigation was
carried out at the research farm of the Olericulture division, Horticulture
Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
to estimate genetic divergence in 21 sweet pepper genotypes based on fourteen
characters using Mahalanobis’s D2 statistics during winter 2017-18 in randomized
complete block design with three replications. The results revealed significant
genetic variability, indicating the presence of diverse genetic resources within the
cultivated 21 sweet pepper genotypes. Cluster analysis grouped the accessions
into distinct clusters, reflecting their genetic relationships and divergence. The
study highlights specific genotypes with desirable traits that can be utilized in
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breeding programs to develop superior sweet pepper varieties. Cluster II had the
maximum number (14) of genotypes and clusters I and III were composed of only
two genotypes. The highest intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster II
(1.286), containing fourteen genotypes and the lowest intra-cluster distance
(0.056) was observed in cluster III having two genotypes. A higher inter-cluster
distance was observed between clusters III and IV (14.090) and clusters I and IV
(14.040) indicating the genotypes in these clusters were more diverged than those
of other clusters. Cluster II exhibited maximum highest mean for fruit length at the
green stage, fruit length at the mature stage and desirable minimum value for days
to 50% flowering while the second highest mean values for days to last harvest,
number of fruit/plant, weight of fruit/plant, average fruit weight, total number of
fruit/plot, plot yield, fruit yield, while cluster IV exhibited the highest mean values
for the number of fruit/plant, weight of fruit/plant, total number of fruit/plot, plot
yield, fruit yield and one desirable lowest mean for days to last harvest. Therefore,
more emphasis should be given to clusters II and IV for selecting genotypes as
parents for crossing which may produce new recombinants with desired traits.
Keywords: Sweet pepper, Genetic divergence, Multivariate, Cluster analysis, D2
statistics
INTRODUCTION
Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) belongs to the family Solanaceae native to tropical South
America. Brazil is thought to be the Centre of origin of sweet pepper. It was widely cultivated
in Central and South America in early times and unknown in Europe before the discovery of
America. The species Capsicum annuum includes eleven groups which can be divided into
sweet and hot peppers. Sweet pepper holds significant nutritional and economic importance.
In Bangladesh, sweet pepper is gaining popularity among farmers and consumers. However,
the cultivation and productivity of sweet pepper in Bangladesh are often constrained by
various biotic and abiotic factors, necessitating the exploration of genetic diversity within the
species to enhance crop resilience and yield. The sweet pepper is relatively non-pungent with
thick flesh. As food, sweet pepper has little energy value. But the nutritive value of sweet
pepper is high as it contains 1.29 mg protein, 11 mg calcium, 870 I.U. vitamin A, 175 mg
ascorbic acid, 0.06 mg thiamine, 0.03 mg riboflavin and 0.55 mg niacin per 100 g edible fruit
(Joshi, 1995). One medium green bell pepper can provide up to 8 per cent of the
recommended daily allowance of Vitamin A, 180 per cent of Vitamin C, 2 per cent of calcium
and 2 per cent of iron. Sweet pepper contributes substantially to our diet, it is a good source of
vitamins A, C (more than that obtained from tomato), E, B1, B2, and D.
Genetic divergence refers to the process through which populations of a species evolve and
accumulate differences in their genetic composition over time. Understanding the genetic
divergence of sweet pepper in Bangladesh is crucial for developing improved varieties that
are better suited to local growing conditions, resistant to diseases, and capable of meeting
market demands. By assessing the genetic variability among different sweet pepper
accessions, researchers can identify potential parent lines for breeding programs, thus
contributing to sustainable agriculture and food security in the region. It is particularly useful
for characterizing individual accessions and cultivars and as a general guide in the selection of
parents for hybridization (Furini and Wunder, 2004). Better knowledge of genetic diversity or
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Akter, L., Hossain, M. M., Quamruzzaman, A. K. M., Habibur Rahman, M., Abdur Rahim, M., & Khatun, R. (2024). Genetic Divergence of Sweet
Pepper in Bangladesh. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(6). 277-286.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.126.17951
genetic similarity could help to sustain long-term selection gain (Chowdhury et al., 2002).
Improvement in yield and quality is normally achieved by selecting genotypes with desirable
character combinations existing in nature or by hybridization. The selection of parents
identified based on divergence analysis would be more promising for a hybridization
program. Some related results have been reported in sweet pepper (Tambe et al., 1993;
Chaudhary and Pathania, 1998; Singh and Gapalakrishnan, 1999; Kumar et al., 2000).
The value of D2 statistics (Maurya, 2010) has been demonstrated in choosing parental stocks
for cross-breeding (Milkova, 1996; Bhatt, 1981; Kaul and Sharma, 2008; Devi and Arumugam,
2009). However, D2 statistics group a set of potential parents based on genetic divergence
with the assumption that the best parents may be those revealing the maximum genetic
diversity (Bhatt, 1981). Similarly, Sharma (1998) after statistical and biometrical studies in
plant breeding indicated that genetically divergent parents used in hybridization under a
transgressive breeding programme are dependent upon the categorization of breeding
material based on appropriate criteria, to have a heterotic response and desirable segregates.
Geleta and Labuschagne (2004) highlighted the significance of diversity among the parent
population. According to Sharma and Jana (2002), the assessment of genetic variation in a
species is a prerequisite for initiating an efficient breeding program, as it provides a basis for
tailoring desirable genotypes. Genetically diverse parents are likely to segregate and or to
produce high heterotic crosses. The more diverse the parents, the greater the chances of
obtaining high heterotic F1s and a broad spectrum of variability in segregating generations
(Arunachalam, 1981). Genetic diversity study also permits to select the genetically divergent
parents to obtain the desirable recombinant in the segregating generations of sweet pepper.
Assessment of genetic diversity is important for selecting breeding strategies.
Generally, this type of study aims to characterize sweet pepper genotypes collected from
different regions of Bangladesh and exotic sources to assess the genetic diversity within the
germplasm. So, this study aims to investigate the genetic divergence of sweet pepper varieties
cultivated in Bangladesh, employing advanced molecular markers and statistical tools. The
findings will provide insights into the genetic relationships among different sweet pepper
genotypes, aiding in the selection of superior varieties for breeding and cultivation. Through
this research, we hope to contribute to the improvement of sweet pepper production in
Bangladesh, ultimately benefiting both producers and consumers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Site
The experiment site was the farm of the Olericulture Division, Bangladesh Agricultural
Research Institute (BARI) during 2017-18. The field was at 23.992o N Latitude and 90.413o E
Longitudes having an elevation of 8.2 m from sea level under the agro-ecological zone (AEZ)
28 (Annon, 1995). The farm was situated in the sub-tropical climatic zone and characterized
by scanty rainfall during the experimental time. The soil of the experimental field was sandy
clay loam in texture having a pH range of around pH 6.20 and moisture 13%-25%. The
Maximum air temperature (oC), minimum air temperature (oC), total rainfall (mm), sunshine
(hrs.), maximum RH (%) and minimum RH (%) are mentioned in Fig 1.
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Fig 1: The Maximum air temperature (oC), minimum air temperature (oC), total rainfall (mm),
sunshine (hrs.), maximum RH (%) and minimum RH (%).
Plant Materials
The seedlings of 21 genotypes were sown on the seedbed on 05 October 2017. Thirty days old
planting materials were placed in the main field on 05 November 2017.
Experimental Design and Layout
The 21 genotypes of sweet pepper were placed in an RCBD (Randomized Complete Block
Design) with three replications. Each planting material was represented by a double row of 3
m in length. Row-to-row and plant-to-plant distances were 60 cm and 50 cm, respectively
with a 0.5m drain.
Land, Pit Preparation and Fertilization
The experimental land was fertilized with organic manure, N, P, K, S, B and Zn @ 3000, 80, 45,
88, 25, 1.8 and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively. The fertilization procedure was followed as half of the
organic manure and all of S, Zn and B each of P and K @ 30 kg/ha was applied during final
land preparation. The rest of the organic manure and P and K @ 15 kg/ha were applied as
basal in the pit. The rest of N and K were applied in 4 equal instalments after 20 days of
transplanting at 20 days intervals starting.
Intercultural Operation and Plant Protection
The recommended necessary agronomic practices and plant protection measures (especially
fruit borer, thrips, mites, stem blight, and little leaf) were adopted for raising a good crop.
Bamboo sticks were used to support the growing plants. Irrigation was applied as and when
required.
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Weather data of the experimenatal plot
Total Rainfall (mm) Sunshine (hrs.)
Maximum RH (%) Minimum RH (%)
Maximum air temperature (oC) Minimum air temperature (oC)
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Akter, L., Hossain, M. M., Quamruzzaman, A. K. M., Habibur Rahman, M., Abdur Rahim, M., & Khatun, R. (2024). Genetic Divergence of Sweet
Pepper in Bangladesh. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(6). 277-286.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.126.17951
Data Recorded
Green fruits were harvested when they were relatively firm and crispy (Shoemaker and
Teskey, 1955). Harvesting of mature fruits was started at 60-65 DAP and continued up to 100-
125 DAP. Harvesting was done manually with the help of secateurs. Data were recorded on
the following parameters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to 1st harvest, days to last harvest,
number of fruits/plant, weight of fruits/plants (kg), average fruit weight (g), total number of
fruits/plot, plot yield (kg), fruit length at green stage (cm), fruit length at the mature stage
(cm), fruit diameter at green stage (cm), fruit diameter at mature stage (cm), plant height at
last harvest (cm), and fruit yield (t/ha).
Data Analysis
Genetic diversity was studied following Mahalanobis’s (1936) generalized distance (D2)
extended by Rao (1952). Based on the D2 values, the genotypes were grouped into clusters
following the method suggested by Tocher (Rao, 1952; Jager et al., 1983; Digby et al., 1989).
Intra and inter-cluster distances were calculated by the methods of Singh and Chaudhury
(1985). Statistical analyses were carried out using GENSTAT 5 software.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To measure the distance between two populations for several traits, genetic divergence
through a clustering pattern was worked out. The clustering pattern of 21 diverse genotypes,
based on genetic divergence, has been calculated. The analysis of variance showed significant
differences among the twenty-one genotypes for all the 14 characters under study indicating
the presence of genetic variability among the genotypes. Twenty-one genotypes were
grouped into four clusters based on cluster analysis. A maximum of fourteen genotypes were
grouped into Cluster II, followed by 3 in Cluster IV. Cluster I and III were composed of only
two genotypes (Table 1). The immature fruit colour was highly variable, especially when the
fruit was observed in the different developmental stages. For some accessions, more than four
different colours were reported until reaching the final colour (mature stage). The descriptor
immature fruit colour, as proposed by the IPGRI (1995), does not consider all maturation
stages, but rather the phase before maturation only. A similar result was found by Indra et al.
(2000), Sreelathakumary and Rajmony (2004), Farhad et al. (2010), Datta and Jana (2011),
Datta and Das (2013) and Yatung et al. (2014).
Table 1: Distribution of 21 genotypes of sweet pepper in different clusters showing
fruit colour
Cluster Number of genotypes Genotypes Fruit colour
I 2 CA0007 Red
BARI Mistimorich-1 Dark Red
II 14 CA0001 Dark Red
CA0002 Red
CA0003 Red
CA0005 Deep red
CA0006 Deep red
CA0009 Greenish red
CA0010 Deep red
CA0011 Red
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CA0013 Yellow
CA0016 Red
CA0017 Yellow
CA0019 Dark red
CA0020 Dark red
CA0018 Light Red
III 2 CA0008 Blackish red
CA0004 Yellowish orange
IV 3 CA0012 Bell
CA0014 Bell long
CA0015 Bell
The maximum inter-cluster distances were recorded between clusters III and IV (14.090)
followed by clusters I and IV (14.040) (Table 2). Genotypes from these three clusters (I, III, IV)
if involved in hybridization may occur in a wide spectrum of segregating populations, as
genetic variation is very distinct among the groups. Moderate distance was observed in
cluster II and III, Cluster II and IV. The lowest inter-cluster distance was observed between
clusters I and II (7.323) suggesting a close relationship among these clusters. The intra-cluster
distance varied from 0.056 to 1.286, the maximum being from cluster II which comprised
fourteen genotypes of diverse origin, while minimum distance was observed in cluster I and
cluster III which comprised two genotypes.
Table 2: Mean intra (bold) and inter-cluster distances (D2) for the 21 sweet pepper
genotypes obtained based on the fourteen morphological characters
Clusters I II III IV
I 0.828 7.323 10.797 14.040
II 1.286 11.206 11.397
III 0.056 14.090
IV 0.398
Differences in cluster means existed for all the characters. Cluster I recorded the highest mean
for average fruit weight (100.50g) and second highest mean for fruit length at the green stage
(8.65cm), fruit diameter at the green stage (7.65cm), and plant height at 1st harvest
(43.50cm). Whereas, minimum mean values for the number of fruit/plant (5.82), and fruit
diameter at the mature stage (6.20cm) were recorded by cluster I. Cluster II constituted of
fourteen genotypes and exhibited maximum highest mean for fruit length at green stage
(8.97cm), fruit length at mature stage (7.04cm) and desirable minimum value for days to 50%
flowering (66.29), while the second highest mean values for days to last harvest (143.00),
number of fruit/plant (7.33), weight of fruit/plant (0.71kg), average fruit weight (96.71g),
total number of fruit/plot (63.14), plot yield (6.10 kg), fruit yield (35.41t/ha) and the lowest
value for fruit diameter at green stage (6.87cm). Cluster III had two genotypes and the highest
mean was responsible for fruit diameter at the green stage (8.50 cm), fruit diameter at the
mature stage (6.85 cm), and plant height at the last harvest (48.00). while the minimum
desirable value for days to 1st harvest (87.00). Cluster IV composed of three genotypes and
exhibited the highest mean values for the number of fruit/plant (8.33), weight of fruit/plant
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Akter, L., Hossain, M. M., Quamruzzaman, A. K. M., Habibur Rahman, M., Abdur Rahim, M., & Khatun, R. (2024). Genetic Divergence of Sweet
Pepper in Bangladesh. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(6). 277-286.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.126.17951
(0.80kg), total number of fruit/plot (112.33), plot yield (10.87kg), fruit yield (40.10t/ha) and
one desirable lowest mean for days to last harvest (137.00).
In the present investigation, clusters III and IV were found most divergent, but clusters II and
IV contributed higher values. So, there will be more chances of getting better segregants in F1
and subsequent generations from the crossing of genotypes between clusters II and IV.
Therefore, hybridization between these groups can prove useful for further breeding
programs. Number of research workers like Olufolaji and Makinde, 2004; Maurya, 2010;
Savita, 2009; Maya et al.,2007, Zhang et al.,2013; Basavaraj, 2007; Farris, 1988; Maurya, 2010
have reported similar results on genetic divergence in bell pepper. Similar results were
obtained for other crops with the use of morphological and agronomic data only (Olufolaji and
Makinde, 2004).
Table 3: Cluster means for 14 characters in 21 genotypes of sweet pepper
Characteristics Cluster I Cluster II Cluster III Cluster IV
Days to 50% flowering 72.50 66.29 72.50 71.67
Days to 1st harvest 100.00 98.71 87.00 101.33
Days to last harvest 178.50 143.00 153.00 137.00
Number of fruits/plant 5.82 7.33 7.11 8.33
Weight of fruits/plants (kg) 0.58 0.71 0.55 0.80
Average fruit weight (g) 100.50 96.71 76.50 96.33
Total number of fruits/plot 61.00 63.14 59.50 112.33
Plot yield (kg) 6.10 6.10 4.55 10.87
Fruit length at green stage (cm) 8.65 8.97 7.70 7.40
Fruit length at the mature stage (cm) 6.10 7.04 5.70 6.60
Fruit diameter at green stage (cm) 7.65 6.87 8.50 7.60
Fruit diameter at mature stage (cm) 6.20 6.30 6.85 6.40
Plant height at last harvest (cm) 43.50 41.00 48.00 40.67
Fruit yield (t/ha) 29.35 35.41 27.10 40.10
Based on principal component axes I and II, a two-dimensional dendrogram (Z1 and Z2) of the
genotypes is presented in Figure 1, reflecting the position of genotypes. It revealed that there
were mainly four clusters. Distantly located genotypes of different clusters were cluster III
(6.7) cluster IV (10,12,14) and cluster I (1,11) and IV (10,12,14). The pattern of distribution of
genotypes in the dendrogram revealed that considerable variability exists in the genotypes.
The contribution of characters towards divergence of the genotype is presented in Table 4
The PCA revealed that in vector I (Z1) the important characters responsible for genetic
divergence in the major axis of differentiation were days to 1st harvest, number of fruit/plant,
the weight of fruit/plant, average fruit weight, the total number of fruit/plot, plot yield, fruit
length at mature stage. In vector II (Z2) which was the second axis of differentiation, days to
1st and last harvest, average fruit weight, fruit length at the green stage, and fruit length at the
mature stage were important. Several characteristics like day to 1st harvest, average fruit
weight, and fruit length at the mature stage showed positive value across the two axes
indicating the important components of genetic divergence in these genotypes.
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Fig 2: Dendogram showing genotypes distribution in four clusters
Table 4: Latent vectors for 14 quantitative characters of 21 genotypes of sweet pepper
Characteristics Vector (Z1) Vector (Z2)
Days to 50% flowering -0.0625 -0.4609
Days to 1st harvest 0.3072 0.1285
Days to final harvest -0.3086 0.0957
Number of fruits/plant 0.3395 -0.232
weight of fruits/plants (kg) 0.4138 -0.0803
Average fruit weight (g) 0.1901 0.2033
Total number of fruits/plot 0.3126 -0.1295
Plot yield (kg) 0.3312 -0.0842
Fruit length at green stage (cm) -0.1045 0.3843
Fruit length at mature stage (cm) 0.0561 0.4698
Fruit diameter at green stage (cm) -0.1811 -0.3931
Fruit diameter at mature stage (cm) -0.1571 -0.1813
Plant height at 1st harvest (cm) -0.1854 -0.2723
Fruit yield (t/ha) -0.1025 0.3443
CONCLUSION
The investigation into the genetic divergence of sweet pepper in Bangladesh reveals a
considerable level of genetic variability among the studied genotypes. This diversity is a
critical asset for breeding programs aiming to develop improved sweet pepper varieties with
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Akter, L., Hossain, M. M., Quamruzzaman, A. K. M., Habibur Rahman, M., Abdur Rahim, M., & Khatun, R. (2024). Genetic Divergence of Sweet
Pepper in Bangladesh. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(6). 277-286.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.126.17951
enhanced resistance to local biotic and abiotic stresses, better yield potential, and desirable
market traits. The identification of distinct genetic clusters among the accessions provides
valuable information for selecting parent lines in future breeding efforts. By harnessing the
genetic diversity present in Bangladeshi sweet pepper populations, it is possible to address
some of the key challenges faced by farmers, such as earliness, higher yield, and improved
nutritional content. This study underscores the importance of conserving and utilizing genetic
resources to ensure the sustainability of sweet pepper cultivation in Bangladesh. The findings
lay a foundation for further research and breeding initiatives that could lead to the
development of superior varieties, ultimately contributing to food and nutritional security
and the agricultural economy of the country.
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