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European Journal of Applied Sciences – Vol. 12, No. 5
Publication Date: October 25, 2024
DOI:10.14738/aivp.125.17511.
Blanovsky, A. (2024). Classical Field Theory-based Design of Green Energy Systems. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol -
12(5). 01-08.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Classical Field Theory-based Design of Green Energy Systems
Anatoly Blanovsky
Westside Environmental Technology, Los Angeles, CA 90046
ABSTRACT
Novel technologies are often traced back to fundamental science. Green energy,
particularly fission-, gamma- and photo-electric (PE) cells, are no exception. Based
on the fundamentally sound Lorentz Theory, this article aims to explain how
implementation of blackbody-cavity PE cells can greatly increase efficiency of the
integrated conventional thermal and photovoltaic systems. Long before quantum
mechanics, Lorentz suggested that some disturbances, like waves, travel with
particles through a certain medium - motionless ether. The waves are described
by the Klein-Gordon equation and dispersion relation 2=c2k2+c
2. In
hydromechanics, they are known as non-propagating waves and a boundary
frequency c is called the cutoff frequency. The group velocity approaches zero
and waves are not propagating if their frequency is below the cutoff frequency c.
Their group and phase velocity are related by vu=c2, in the infinite k limit v=u=c
and the group velocity maximum are c. A quantum object is considered as a
vibrating particle or material body with a rest mass m moving in resonance with
wave characterized by the cutoff or Compton frequency c =mc2/
.
Keywords: Lorentz theory, blackbody-cavity, photoelectric, solar, fission - electric cell,
CIGS cylindrical photovoltaic, carbon nano-tube cathode.
INTRODUCTION
The goal of this research article is to offer an innovative approach to current nuclear and solar
power systems that would greatly increase their energy output and efficiency. The proposed
blackbody cavity design compensates for the loss of energy inherently incurred by solar
receivers due to radiation from the absorbing surface. Electron emission in a cavity can be
achieved through three common mechanisms: photoelectric (PE), thermionic (TE) and field
emission.
The most heavily deployed solar power technologies are photovoltaic (PV) panels and
concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. A proposed modification of CSP, flat or CIGS
cylindrical PV modules combines solar photoelectric (PE) and thermal systems to efficiently
convert solar radiation to electricity and thermal energy (to be stored and/or converted to
electricity). Mo, Pt, Al, Ni, or Ag based thin films back contact material for CIGS solar cells can
serve as the PE anode. An inverter such as hybrid PE solar panel and thyratron changes the
energy from direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC), which is typically used in
buildings.
CLASSICAL FIELD THEORY
The two fundamental wave types in the quantum medium are the longitudinal and transverse
waves. Classical physics provides the accurate field values (group velocity and intensity of
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European Journal of Applied Sciences (EJAS) Vol. 12, Issue 5, October-2024
transverse waves) into Maxwell's field equations, and characterizes antiparticles as
longitudinal waves with negative group velocity in Newtonian mechanics. The pairs such as
electron-positrons described by the four Klein-Gordon equations are balanced by the energy
2mc2 at the distance d=e2/(4πε2mc2)=1.4*10-15m. Originally, the energy mc2 was introduced
to stabilize the charged particles by compensating the Coulomb interactions.
Analogy between the acoustic and quantum waves naturally appears when we consider waves
on a discrete string of atoms. The frequency of the oscillation should be computed in terms of
the mass of the atom M and the string elastic constant a. Here a is the distance between two
neighboring atoms. The length of the string of N atoms is L=Na, the material density =M/a
and the characteristic speed c=(a/)
1/2. It can be shown that deviation of the nth atom from
the equilibrium position is zn=Ane
i(t+kna), where n is integer. The internal energy density
2
3
2 m
k
c
u
=
and discrete set of k is connected with medium structure.
Then the number of oscillators or traveling wave states between k and dk in the polar
coordinates is
( )
dN k dk 2
3
2
4
=
and their energy is
ck, we have kc=1016m-1 and
( )
4
3
2
3 m
k
c
u
= 1037 N/m2. For wavelengths shorter than mean distance between the atoms
(cutoff wave number kc=N/L=/a), propagation becomes impossible.
As kc=108 cm-1 and c=3×105 cm/s, the cutoff frequency of the material oscillations
c=ckm1013s
-1. If the cutoff frequencies of vacuum oscillations νc is ~1024s
-1, it leads to
restriction on its characteristic size >2c/νc=10-16m. For ideal quantum fluid or radiation,
pressure of energy density is P=u/3.
In 1923, de Broglie suggested that real wave pilots the particle in a vacuum. At that time, the
idea was not accepted as conflicting relativity. Instead of a systematic effect analysis, the
constancy of light velocity was postulated to justify the result of the Michelson or Sagnac
experiment on open paths, in which the Earth appears not to rotate around the Sun.
Mathematically, it was based on the Lorentz transformation that preserves a wave equation in
moving frame instead of time. As an algebraic expressions - Lorentz transformation is equally
applies to any wave motion, the variable values of light velocity were used in Einstein original
manuscript. Moreover, field equations of general relativity do not lead to attraction between
material bodies [1-4].
Photoelectric Solar and Radioisotope Systems
In the photoelectric (PE) modules, spacing between transparent or cavity-type anode and
cathode allows for greatly improved fundamental properties compared to, photovoltaic (PV)
modules. Particularly, a combined photoelectric, photovoltaic and blackbody-cavity thermal
solar module converts incident sunlight to both electricity and high-temperature thermal
energy. This greatly increases thermal insulation and efficiency of the concentrated solar
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Blanovsky, A. (2024). Classical Field Theory-based Design of Green Energy Systems. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(5). 01-08.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.125.17511
power (CSP) systems, green buildings and radioisotope thermal generators (RTG). Even
under one sun illumination, PE cathode/gate directional selectivity has the potential to raise
receiver efficiency levels to those of concentration systems.
Figure 1: PE panele with in-plane gate and CNT electrodes.
A principal loss mechanism for solar receivers in solar-thermal systems is radiation from the
absorbing surface. By the first law of thermodynamics and Planck's law of blackbody
radiation, the absorption efficiency of solar absorber is given as
η = Ejn-Eout/Ein =1-σT4/DNI*C.
Here Ein is the absorber input solar power, Eout is power loss due to thermal radiation from
the absorber, σ is Stefan-Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature of the absorber, DNI is
direct normal irradiance of sunlight, and C is concentration ratio of the absorber.
Figure 2: Photoelectric blackbody-cavity CSP plants and PE-cavity converters
The surfaces with high solar absorption and low thermal emission could efficiently convert
solar radiation into electricity and useful heat. Ni pigmented anodized Al is one of the typical
examples of spectral selective surfaces for efficient photo/thermal conversion of solar energy.
Here the metal particles are much smaller than the wavelengths of the electromagnetic
radiation
In a typical absorber of a parabolic trough solar receiver with a concentration ratio of 70 and
an operating temperature of about 400oC, about 17% of solar energy input would be lost via
thermal radiation. The radiation loss can be reduced by using the photoelectric/photovoltaic
blackbody-cavity receiver.
In the blackbody-cavity receiver, the maximum enhancement factor for absorption with
respect to a single pass absorption is limited to 4n2 with n being the refractive index of the
absorbing layer. The discharge geometry with Al, thoriated tungsten, phosphorus-doped
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European Journal of Applied Sciences (EJAS) Vol. 12, Issue 5, October-2024
polycrystalline diamond, graphene or GaAs photo-cathodes activated by cesium and oxygen
surrounded by the Al anode is one of the several possible configurations. Unlike the single- junction Shockley-Queisser limit as a function of band gap, the efficiency of photoelectric solar
power improves monotonically as the electrode work functions shrink. The preliminary
analyses of the CSP with thermal energy storage (TES) show that the PE/PV blackbody cavity
and solar thermal system efficiencies are around 55% and absorber/cathode temperature can
be high up to 900◦C under 10 suns.
Unlike conventional PV module, the concentrated PV or PE receiver must be continuously
aligned with DNI (direct normal irradiance) for continuous power generation. In green
buildings, hybrid photoelectric/thermal systems produce electricity and hot water
simultaneously. The plasma-enhanced photoelectric PE power module can also serve as a
thyratron [5, 6].
The ratio between DNI and global normal irradiance (GNI) can be used to partly identify
atmospheric conditions. The solar radiation striking the earth is close to collimated, thus a PE
cell facing the sun absorbs direct sunlight at near normal incidence but emits IR radiation in
all directions. The PE x-ray or gamma ray radioisotope generator model is very similar to an
ideal PE solar power device.
Figure 3: DNI for a month on an inclined surface of the southern orientation of the cylindrical
PE/PV solar module and radioisotope photoelectric generator.
The cylindrical PE/PV module can generate higher electric power than the conventional CIGS
PV module. Cylindrical panels demonstrated positive proof of their durability against wind of
50 m/s through the field test. As compared with other conventional heat engines, a
thermionic energy converter (TEC) offers remarkable advantages due to its compactness,
high power density, silent operation, and long operational lifespan. Also, nano-grating
comparable with the de Broglie wavelength of the electron can change the electronic and
electron emission properties of materials. Studies on the influence of nano-grating structures
on the properties of materials have shown that this process may lead to effects similar to
those created by doping with donors.
The resistivity values measured in Si-based nano-grating layers, for example, were
approximately 10−2 Ohm cm, similar to those of Si semiconductors doped with phosphorus
impurities having a volume concentration of 1018 cm−3 .
It is almost independent of initial resistivity of samples: 5000 Ohm cm, 8.5-11.5 Ohm cm, 12-
14 Ohm cm.