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European Journal of Applied Sciences – Vol. 12, No. 4
Publication Date: August 25, 2024
DOI:10.14738/aivp.124.17464
Jöge, F. M. (2024). Advances in Exploration of Dark Energy. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(4). 460-462.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Advances in Exploration of Dark Energy
Friedhelm M. Jöge
ABSTRACT
The Foundation of a Dark Energy Theory is formulated and laid. Based on the
article „Calculation of Dark Energy and Dark Matter “[1] in particular a formula is
derived and used to exact calculation of Dark Energy. The theoretical result is
confronted with the numerical value calculated from the MAX PLANCK Institute
for Radio Astronomy. Excellent matching of numerical value resulting in three
independent paths make the formula plausible.
Keywords: Dark Energy, Dark Matter, age of the universe, PLANCK time, Oscillations of
the cosmic space
INTRODUCTION
Dark Energy is a mysterious Energy. Nobody knows what Dark Energy actually is. Dark
Energy and Dark Matter cannot be observed directly. It is thought to be responsible for the
accelerated expansion of the universe. Dark Energy is, by this nature, a low-energy
phenomenon that is dispersed. It is not found in galaxies or galaxy clusters and is unlikely to
be found in laboratory studies. The repulsive Dark Energy that accelerated the expansion of
the universe could be explained if the cosmological constant is the vacuum energy of space.
Some considerations have been made; however, they have not yet produced fruitful results to
date. In particular, it was not possible to carry out an exact calculation of Dark Energy. With
the present formula, this goal has probably been achieved.
DERIVATION
Starting from the question of what kind of energy it is if you divide the PLANCK constant by
the PLANCK time it leads to the derivation of a formula for calculation of Dark Energy. This
requires only the assumptions that the PLANCK time tp is an oscillation period τ and Dark
Energy satisfies the PLANCK/EINSTEIN formula
E = h ν (1)
Oscillations are fundamental oscillations of the cosmic space [3, pg.15]. TOMAS GÖRNITZ
says: „Structural quanta emerge from a quantum-theoretical description of „oscillation
states“of a system around its groundstate. They produce many effects. The AQIs of protyposis
are also structural quanta and not particles. One can interpret them as the „fundamental
oscillations of the cosmic space “.
For Dark Energy Ed this then leads to:
pEd = h / tp = 1.229 · 1010 J in Planck time
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Jöge, F. M. (2024). Advances in Exploration of Dark Energy. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(4). 460-462.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.124.17464
1Ed = h / tp
2 = 2.28 · 1053 J in 1 s
Ed = 0.994 · 1071 in 13.8 billion years for the age of the universe tu = 4.358 · 1017 s
The following formula for calculating the Dark Energy in the universe is then derived from
these calculation steps:
Ed = h tu / tp
2 (2)
This simple three-sentence operation was found by THOMAS GÖRNITZ [3] in a more ieep
manner, resulting in very well-matched numerical values. A connection to the empirical is
thus achieved.
Data shows us the nature of things as well as theories.
CONCLUSION
Thus, the Foundation of a Dark Energy Theory is laid.
APPLICATION
Formula (2) can be generalized to
E = (h / tp
2) · t (3)
Formula (3) represents the equivalence of Energy and Time. See also the corresponding one
in a separate publication [4]. Formula (3) can used to clarify questions such as the question of
whether the universe is open or closed [5] and the question of whether time is quantized [6]
as well as Dark Energy is not constant [7]. Formula (3) can also use to clarify the nature of
time. Time is Energy and dynamic information or information flow [8]. Formula (3) provided
an argument according to KURT GÖDEL’s Incompleteness Theorem and Statement (published
31-May-2017). It shows a linear increasing function Ed = f(tu) / relationship between Dark
Energy and in depending on the age of the universe.
Definition of Symbols Used in the Formula
• E = Energy
• Ed = Dark Energy
• h = PLANCK’s constant
• t = time
• tp = PLANCK time
• tu = age of the universe
• ν = frequency
References
[1]. JÖGE, F.M.: Calculation of Dark Energy and Dark Matter. International Journal of Physics and Astronomy,June
2019, Vol.7, No.1, pp.1-7
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European Journal of Applied Sciences (EJAS) Vol. 12, Issue 4, August-2024
[2]. JÖGE, F.M.: Commentary about Calculation of Dark Energy and Dark Matter. Journal of Physics and
Astronomy 2023, Vol.11, Issue 5, p.346
[3]. GÖRNITZ, TH.: Quantum Cosmology, https//viXra.org/pdf/1701.0544v1.pdf
[4]. JÖGE, F.M.: Equivalence of Energy and Time. International Journal of Physics andAstronomy, June 2022,
Vol.10., No.1, pp.1-2
[5]. JÖGE, F.M.: The Universe – an Open System. International Journal of Physics and Astronomy, December 2023,
Volume 11, pg.1
[6]. JÖGE, F.M.: Time is quantized. International Journal of Physics and Astronomy, December 2023 Volume 11
pg.2
[7]. JÖGE, F.M.: Dark Energy Is Not Constant. Applied Sciences Research Periodicals (ASRP), June 2024, Vol.2,
No.6, pp.01-02
[8]. JÖGE, F.M.: Time is Energy and Dynamic Information. Advances in Theoretical & Computational Physics, Aug
16-2024, Volume 7 Issue 3, pp.1-2