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European Journal of Applied Sciences – Vol. 12, No. 3
Publication Date: June 25, 2024
DOI:10.14738/aivp.123.17175.
Dackouo, B., Arama, D. P., Dembele, O., Toure, H. A., Mariko, M., Koumare, B. Y., & Kanoute, G. (2024). Overview in Abnormal
Read Cell Lipidomic Profiling for Human Chronic Disorder Diagnosis. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(3). 563-569.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Overview in Abnormal Read Cell Lipidomic Profiling for Human
Chronic Disorder Diagnosis
Blaise Dackouo
Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPH)/University of Sciences,
Technics and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB). P. O. Box 1805 Bamako, Mali
Dominique Patomo Arama
Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPH)/University of Sciences,
Technics and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB). P. O. Box 1805 Bamako, Mali
Ousmane Dembele
Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPH)/University of Sciences,
Technics and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB). P. O. Box 1805 Bamako, Mali
Hamadoun Abba Toure
Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPH)/University of Sciences,
Technics and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB). P. O. Box 1805 Bamako, Mali
Madani Mariko
Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPH)/University of Sciences,
Technics and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB). P. O. Box 1805 Bamako, Mali
Benoît Yaranga Koumare
Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPH)/University of Sciences,
Technics and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB). P. O. Box 1805 Bamako, Mali
Gaoussou Kanoute
Faculty of Pharmacy (FAPH)/University of Sciences,
Technics and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB). P. O. Box 1805 Bamako, Mali
ABSTRACT
Red blood cell lipidomics has merged as new way to explore chronic disease
biomarkers. The aim of this review to explore ethics sample collection and
treatment for lipidomics purpose. Samples used to perform lipidomics is also
addressed herein. As a result, remarkable efforts are made is the field.
Keywords: Abnormal erythrocytes, Lipidomic, LC-MS
INTRODUCTION
OMICS approach is usable for red blood cell lipids profiling [1]. The exploration of lipids in red
cells to diagnose chronical diseases is common nowadays [12]. Sphingomyelin, ceramide, and
sphingosine are sphingolipids are explored in erythrocytes to diagnose lipid metabolism
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pathologies [13]. Changes in erythrocyte metabolism can affect their susceptibility to
hemolysis in routine storage [6]. Sphingolipids are erythrocyte biomarkers of some innate
diseases of red blood cells [13]. Changes in sphingolipid metabolism predict abnormal red cell
diseases [14]. To dates, lipidomic is viewed as a field of systems level analysis [30].
Erythrocytes eliminate wastes by vesiculation, a process disturbed in sickle cell disease,
glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, spherocytosis, malaria, and other abnormal
red cell disorders [15]. In Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency erythrocytes
haemolyze because of lipid oxidative insults making their storage less longer than normal
erythrocytes storage [5]. Active fatty acid desaturase of erythrocytes is sensitive to oxidant
stress, storage, duration, and alteration of the pyruvate/lactate ratio in G6PD deficient people
[4]. This change is known as oxidative stress [7]. Advances the field have shown that biofluids
as blood can be explored in incredible time [32]. Targeted lipidomic was adopted by the LIPID
MAPS consortium for the analysis of mammalian lipids [30]. Lipid profiles of chronic
disorders explore plasma, red cells or any cell [11].
To understand how to operate lipid extraction in red cell and performing metabolic profiling
require, the aim of this bibliographic search was survey recent work in lipidomic method.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Materials
As any omics study, LC-MS is a key analytical method used in Lipidomic in addition, sample
preparation is an important factor in successful investigation [10]. Whole blood can be used
to explore red cell lipidomic [1]. Bone marrow is also usable [3]. Some reachers have
successfully worked on dry blood spots [33]. Human urines and plasma are also usable to
explore lipidomic in chronic pathologies [10]. Varied samples are usable to perform red cell
lipidomics.
Methods
Extracting Lipids for Lipidomic Purpose:
Lipidomic investigations can require whole blood samples collection in K3EDTA tubes [1].
They are centrifugated to sediment red cells so that plasma can be removed. Erythrocytes are
finally washed four times with physiological NaCl solution to get rid of white blood cells [1].
The washed red cells are kept in saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol or in a phosphate buffer
solution with a pH of 7.4 at 4° C [1]. Lipids are commonly extracted by a chloroform and
methanol-based protocol of Folch or Bligh and Dyer [30]. It is also possible to use pyridine to
effectively extract sphingolipids and phosphatidylcholine from intact S. cerevisiae [30].
Lipidomic exploration require special sampling and extraction methods for repeatability
purpose [7]. Another method called methyl-tert-butyl ether extraction has recently merged
with advantageous of no contamination [30].
Lipid Analytical Profiling:
Biomarker identification studies sometimes use LC-MS even LC-MS/MS methods for biological
process explorations [9]. Eugene. P. Kennedy is the pioneer in cell lipid sensing by exploring
phospholipid biosynthesis, before that whole lipids were addressed by Low resolution thin
layer chromatography [30]. This last approach is still used because easy and cheap [30]. FT-IR
is usable for the same purpose [1]. Gaz chromatography can separate of fatty acids from
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Dackouo, B., Arama, D. P., Dembele, O., Toure, H. A., Mariko, M., Koumare, B. Y., & Kanoute, G. (2024). Overview in Abnormal Read Cell Lipidomic
Profiling for Human Chronic Disorder Diagnosis. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(3). 563-569.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.123.17175
simple mixtures however lipid detection and quantification in complex mixtures remains a
challenge [30]. GC-MS is successfully used [12]. Sphingolipids are analysed by mass
spectrometry after a step of mild alkaline hydrolysis to reduce ion suppression by other lipids
such as glycerophospholipids. ESI is the lipid ionization process of MS [30]. UPLC-HRMS as
well [15]. LC-MS and UPLC-MS with appropriate sample preparation are also usable [9].
Recently, rapid progresses have occurred in lipid research with the introduction of
electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization
mass spectrometry rendering cell lipidomic more possible [30]. LC-URMS is used for same
purpose [16]. [5]. LC-MS and UPLC-MS lipidomic performed on mouse bone marrow derived
macrophages following erythrophagocytosis confirmed lead to similar founding [3]. Gas
chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry has innovated lipid analysis, but their
assessment was not feasible at that time [30]. Recently, rapid progresses have occurred in
lipid research with the introduction of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and matrix
assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry rendering cell lipidomic more
possible [30]. In 2003 Han and Gross defined lipidomic as a global analysis of cell lipidomes
by a comprehensive MS approach [30].
Ethical
As any clinical study, lipidomic requires ethical comity approval because human blood
samples are collected from volunteers and the study must be conducted as guided by the
regulation of the Helsinki declaration in 1975 [1]. They must be conducted in according to the
guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, they must be approved by the Ethical Committee of
the Local Institution and informed consent must be obtained from all participatants [11].
RESULTS
Lipidomic of a class or a subclass is called a targeted lipidomic where different lipid classes
are analysed separately using extraction and analytical protocols designed specifically for
each lipid class [30]. Many chronic desorders are associated with change in red cell
metabolism and the susceptibility to hemolysis during a routine storage [6]. In glucosis six
phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, erythrocytes remove damaged cell componens as
oxidized hemoglobin as well as damaged membrane constituents by microvesicles they
generate to prolong their lifespan [16]. Hemoglobin damage and altered phosphorylation of
membrane proteins as band-3 weaken the linkage between lipid bilayers and cell
cytoskeleton, resulting in membrane budding to microparticules [16]. Abnormal
hematological biomarkers have pathological and nutritionnal impacts [17]. Plasma and red
cell lipid metabolic profiling has supported that evidence in sickle cell disease anaemia [18].
People with this genetic desorder need appropriate advices and multidisciplinary cares [19].
Special treatments are suggested to prevent complications [20]. Further investigations are
required to better understand the mechanism of lipid alteration in red blood cell and discover
adequate treatments [21, 22]. In phospholipids, phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins
tend be more abundant in red cell outer leaflet [23]. Lipid metabolism profiling is possible on
other blood cells as blood mononuclear cells [24]. Recent studies predict great advances in the
field of inflammatory affections [25, 26]. Studies revealed an association of sickle disease with
adverse pregnancy outcomes, as maternas and neonatal anaemia, low birth weight, and
increased risk of stillbirth [27]. Metabolic markers of hemolysis and glucose 6-phosphate
dehydrogenasedeficiency are also associated with extremes in oxidative hemolysis and
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dysregulation in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and glutathione - dependent
detoxification pathways of oxidized lipids [28]. Lipid homeostasis is crucial in the
understanding of cell physiology, in specific lipid functions mechanisme and in that of the
local environment created [29]. Lipid metabolism disorders, as hypocholesterolemia and
hypertriglyceridemia, are associated with clinical events observed in sickle cell aneamia as a
result lipid are crucial in this multifactorial pathogenesis [31]. Many methods are used in lipid
metabolism profiling precisely GC-MS and LC-MS [32].
Figure 1: Chemical structures of sphingolipid and phospholipids [34].
DISCUSSION
The word lipidome appeared in 2001 and was used to describe a complete lipid contain of a
cell, tissue, or organism [30]. In mammalian, biomarkers are sometimes detectable by
sophisticated analytical methods; lipidomic is not an exception because LC-M or CG-MS are
commonly used for this purpose [9]. Same method was used to assess the impact of
hydroquinone and is metabolites on hepatic stellate cell. The study showed that
hydroquinone can reduce collagen synthesis slow the progress of liver fibrosis [10]. Lipid
class involved in the pathology occurrence can be established by the study data using
appropriate method [11]. Sphingomyelin, Ceramide and Shingosine are erythrocyte lipids
pointed to be associated with abnormal red cell chronic pothogies provided that their
metabolizing enzyme and changes can be observed in corpuscules and in plasma as well [12].
Some scientists suggest that red cells endure oxidative stress metabolic processes [13].
Functional lipidomic was introduced by Rilfors and Lindblom who coined it to describe the
study of role played by membrane lipids [30]. It is therefore a need to a perform farther
investigation to understand red cell physiology.
CONCLUSION
Lipidomic profiling is feasible on dry blood spots, whole blood, serum plasma and red blood
cells. The best mode of sample treatment is online method, gas chromatography and liquid
chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry are analytical methods that are used to
perform the job. These methods are usable to do targeted lipidomic. Human lipidomic as well
as any clinical study should abbey the guidelines of 1975 Helsinki declarations and study
volunteers accept to participate to the study by signing an informed consent form before a
sample is getting collected from them for the study.
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