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European Journal of Applied Sciences – Vol. 12, No. 3

Publication Date: June 25, 2024

DOI:10.14738/aivp.123.16922

Robson, B. A. (2024). The Generation Model of Particle Physics. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(3). 01-17.

Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom

The Generation Model of Particle Physics

Brian Albert Robson

Department of Fundamental and Theoretical Physics, Research School of Physics

The Australian National University Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this paper is to present the Generation Model (GM) as an

alternative to the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, which is incomplete. It

will be reported how the GM provides an understanding of many problems and

puzzles associated with the SM. In particular: in the GM, the 14 elementary

particles of the SM are all composite particles: this leads to a unified origin of

mass, unlike the SM, so that the GM has no requirement for the Higgs field to

generate the mass of any elementary particle. In the GM, the strong

chromodynamic force is taken down one layer of complexity to describe the

composite nature of the leptons and quarks: this leads to an understanding of the

gravitational force, as a residual interaction of the strong nuclear force. This

gravitational interaction has two additional properties, which provide an

understanding of both dark matter and dark energy. The GM predicts that there is

no matter-antimatter asymmetry, and that energy is conserved in the Universe.

The GM indicates the existence of both higher generation quarks in nucleons and

mixed parity states in hadrons, and also the conservation of CP in weak nuclear

interactions.

Keywords: particle generation, rishon, mass, photon, gravity, antimatter, CP, parity.

INTRODUCTION

In April 2001, I attended a public lecture presented in Canberra, Australia by a then recent

Nobel laureate, Martinus Veltman concerning the “Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle

Physics”, prior to the publication in 2003 of his books with the same title [1]. Veltman stated

that the greatest puzzle of elementary particle physics was the occurrence of three families of

elementay particles that have the same properties except for mass in the SM.

The main purpose of this paper is to present an alternative to the Standard Model (SM) of

particle physics. This alternative model, called the Generation Model (GM) of particle physics,

was developed by the author of this paper from 2001-2019, primarily to overcome many

deficiencies of the SM. The SM, while enjoying considerable success in describing the

interactions of leptons and the multitude of hadrons with each other, as well as the decay

modes of the unstable leptons and hadrons was generally considered, during the latter years

of the 20th century, to be incomplete in the sense that the SM provided little understanding of

several empirical observations: the existence of three families or generations of leptons and

quarks, which apart from mass have similar properties; the mass hierarchy of the elementary

particles, which form the basis of the SM; the nature of the gravitational interaction and the

origin of CP violation, etc. The GM, including its development, has been described in some

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Robson, B. A. (2024). The Generation Model of Particle Physics. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 12(3). 01-17.

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.123.16922

theory of relativity, the mass of a particle was related to its energy content E by the equation

m = E/c2, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum.

In the GM, the origin of the masses of the six leptons and the six quarks is attributed to their

composite nature, for which there exists considerable indirect evidence: the electric charges

of the electron and the proton are opposite in sign but are exactly equal in magnitude, so that

atoms with the same number of electrons and protons are neutral. Consequently, in a proton

consisting of three quarks, the electric charges of the quarks are intimately related to that of

the electron. These relations are readily comprehensible, if leptons and quarks are composed

of the same kinds of particles. Furthermore, in the SM, the six leptons and the six quarks can

be grouped into three generations: (i) (e

−,νe,u,d), (ii) (μ−,νμ,c,s) and (τ

−,ντ,t,b). Each generation

contains particles, which have similar properties other than mass. The existence of three

repeating patterns suggests that the members of each generation are composite particles,

analogous to the composite elements in the same vertical column of the Mendeleev periodic

table that have similar chemical properties apart from mass.

The elementary particles of the GM are two kinds of massless spin-1/2 particles, introduced

independently in 1979 by Haim Harari and Michael Shupe [5,6] to describe the charge states

of the four particles, which constitute the first generation of elementary particles and their

antiparticles of the SM. In the GM, the two massless elementary particles are (i) a T-rishon

with electric charge Q = +1/3 and (ii) a V -rishon with Q = 0. Their antiparticles are a

T̅ antirishon with Q = −1/3 and a V̅-antirishon with Q = 0. In the GM, each lepton and quark is

a composite particle of the elementary T-rishons, V -rishons and/or their antiparticles the T̅ -

antirishons and the V̅-antirishons.

The second problem (2): the assumption of a non-unified and complicated additive quantum

number classification scheme involving several ‘partially conserved’ additive quantum

numbers, such as strangeness S, led to several problems for the development of the SM.

During the development of the SM, the elementary leptons and quarks were allotted nine

independent additive quantum numbers: charge Q, three lepton numbers, Le, Lμ,Lτ, baryon

number A, and four quark numbers, S, C, B and T (see Table 1 for details). For each particle

additive quantum number N, the corresponding antiparticle has the additive quantum number

-N. In the SM the leptons and quarks have different additive quantum numbers, except for

charge Q. All the additive quantum numbers associated with leptons are conserved in all

particle interactions. However, the four quark numbers, S, C, B and T, are not conserved in

weak nuclear interactions, although both charge Q and baryon number A are conserved in all

particle interactions. Consequently, in the SM, the leptons and quarks, apart from charge Q,

have different additive quantum numbers, so that the classification of the elementary particles

of the SM is nonunified. In addition, the introduction of ‘partially conserved’ additive quantum

numbers, such as strangeness S, in the development of the SM was a very dubious assumption,

since in quantum mechanics, quantum numbers are usually conserved quantities and the

nature of the CC weak nuclear interactions is “weak” because it is mediated by very massive W

bosons not because the strangeness quantum number S is not conserved. This led to several

problems for the development of the SM.