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European Journal of Applied Sciences – Vol. 11, No. 6
Publication Date: December 25, 2023
DOI:10.14738/aivp.116.15380
Roychoudhuri, C. (2023). Cosmic Ether Is the Unified Field of Physics. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 11(6). 331-361.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Cosmic Ether Is the Unified Field of Physics
Chandrasekhar Roychoudhuri
Physics Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06268, USA
ABSTRACT
Once we start viewing nature as a perpetually and logically evolving and a creative
engineering system, the currently working physics theories present themselves as
already unified by the energetic tension field, the Cosmic Ether (CE), known as the
cosmic space. We identify this integrating power of CE first, by re-defining its action
generating parameters as the electric-tension, ε0
-1, and the magnetic-resistance, μ0,
while re-deriving the Maxwell’s wave equation using Newton’s laws of motion in
analogy with the mechanically stretched string and find that c0
2 = ε0
-1/μ0. Then,
replacement of c0
2 by ε0
-1/μ0 and m0 by Einstein’s E/c0
2 = E(μ0/ε0
-1), we find that
almost all working physics theories are being energized by ε0
-1 and μ0. To complete
the unification, we can now postulate that the particles are also perpetually
propagating EM waves, but like ring lasers; they are spatially localized as complex
self-looped in-phase (SLIP) EM waves. Because of their SLIP mode propagation,
particles have miniscule but space-finite spatial structures and remain spatially
stationary in the absence of any spatially influencing potential gradients (forces) in
their vicinity generated by other SLIP particles. Intrinsic harmonic phase driven
amplitude-amplitude interactions between SLIP particles are correctly modeled by
Schrodinger’s equation represented by ψ, and the energy exchange is given by ψ*ψ.
A separate wave-particle duality is an unnecessary postulate. Neglecting internal
SLIP motions, the inertia of individual SLIP particles to spatial translation in the
absence of other particles in their vicinity automatically accommodates Newton’s
laws of motion. The cosmic universality of Maxwellian wave velocity, and particles
as SLIP modes, jointly accommodate the two key postulates of special relativity
without the need for making time as the fourth dimension. Besides time is not an
action generating parameter of any real object, neither it is a directly measurable
parameter of any natural object. The entire observable universe, including we, are
assemblies of SLIP particles. This is why the universe appears so elusive to us; but it
is not an illusion. The stable and stationary Cosmic Ether holds 100% of the energy
of the universe. Hence, we do not need to keep searching for Dark Energy and Dark
Matter. To strengthen our key thesis, we re-expressed the key equations of physics
in terms of ε0
-1 and μ0.and presented our views of physics thinking that help
harmonize Classical, Relativity, Quantum and Cosmology Physics. The assemblies of
SLIP particles, or materials, reduce the effective local tensions of the stationary CE,
which reduces the velocity of light inside a medium to c2 = ε-1/μ ~ c2/n, where n is
known as the refractive index of the material. A new applied field of metamaterials
has been rapidly evolving, which adjusts ε-1 and μ by manipulating the material
compositions and structures to the desired values. This is akin to playing with the
local tension values of CE. To directly validate the existence of CE, we have proposed
a one-way light pulse propagation experiment, rather than approaching
Michelson’s way of measuring the ether drag, which would always be a null result.
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Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom 332
European Journal of Applied Sciences (EJAS) Vol. 11, Issue 6, December-2023
Keywords: Cosmic Ether, ether as the unifying field, ether as energetic tension field, (1/
ε0)-electric tension of ether, μ0-magnetic resistance of ether, particles as localized EM
oscillating modes of ether, particles are Self-Looped In-Phase EM oscillations, or SLIP.
INTRODUCTION
The Methodology of Our Physics-Thinking That Guides the Paper
The concept of a unified field theory started with earnest from ancient times and has been an
ongoing journey in physics [1-4]. The collective successes achieved by all our mathematical
theories tell us that everything in this universe is evolving following causal, system-engineering
rules. Therefore, to model nature, we need to think like system engineers – visualize the
invisible physical interaction processesthat nature is utilizing to maintain the ongoing perpetual
and causally ordered evolution in the universe. This is an important anchoring concept to keep
exploring the reality of nature. Evidence Based Science (EBS), or experimentally validated
theory, has been stagnant for some time [5-9], because of our excessive reliance on the elegance
and the beauty of mathematical theories, followed by pre-conceived rationalization of the
observations, rather than spending time to imagine (visualize) the actual physical interaction
processes. Let us mention the thinking of some major contributors in physics that we would try
to emulate in this paper. Newton, as a hands-on engineer and as a creative mathematician,
underscored the necessity of a physical medium intervening the Sun and all the planets to
establish the gravitational potential gradient that keeps holding the planets. Effectively,
Newton endorsed ether. Newton’s contemporary, Huygens, gave the description of the physical
processes behind the perpetual diffractive propagation of light waves as due to the persistent
generation of secondary spherical wavelets out of every point on all the wave fronts [10] in an
energetic tension medium, the ether. Huygens’ postulate was formalized into a Huygens- Fresnel diffraction integral [11], later strengthened by Maxwell’s wave equation, which has
been guiding the sustained and continued growth of the fields of optical science and
engineering. Maxwell’s wave equation also formalized the need for ether with the physical
properties,
0
and
0
such that
0
2
0 0 c =1 ) / (
. The purpose of this article is to elaborate the depth
and the extent of these two ancient parameters of nature in our modern working theories,
which modern physics has been neglecting by defining
0
c
as the fundamental constant of nature.
During the late 1800’s classical classical physics started to display its limitations in modeling
the micro world. Then Planck triggered the concept of quantumness in energy exchange in the
micro world by mathematically showing that the measured Blackbody Radiation curve can be
matched analytically only if the surface molecules inside a blackbody cavity surface emit and
absorb light as frequency-guided individual discrete quantum of energy
hv
. However, Planck
gave us a very valuable guidance – identify the primary physical parameter
that plays the key
operational (engineering) role in triggering a particular phenomenon (dipole stimulation) to
generate the measurable physical transformation. Avoid using any secondary parameter as the
key guiding parameter to develop the main formalism. The author is making this paraphrase
from Planck’s book [12] where Planck underscored that he succeeded in deriving his desired
expression only after he switched to using the frequency
v
, instead of using wavelength
,
which was the custom in his time. Twenty-five years later, QM formalism proved him right. The
primary action parameter for atomic and molecular energy exchange with light is driven by the
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Roychoudhuri, C. (2023). Cosmic Ether Is the Unified Field of Physics. European Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol - 11(6). 331-361.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.116.15380
dipolar oscillation generating frequencies of the involved radiations, not the wavelength. The
wavelength varies from medium to medium, but not the frequency.
Our intentions behind the construction of a model of the universe dictate how we frame the
enquiring questions. And the structure of the enquiring question determines the answer we can
arrive at. Since everything observable represents some form of physical transformations
through physical interaction between different entities, our enquiries will be more successful
if we view nature as a creative system engineer. Even the emergence of our creative thinking is
an outcome of classical and quantum interactions among the neural cells in our brain.
Therefore, using Planck’s guidance, we should leverage our working equations to identify what
engineering tools nature is using to bring about actions that generate physical transformations
all around us. They are buried into the working equations as interaction parameters and/or
“constants of nature”, like the
G
in Gravitation, and
0 0 ,
in Electromagnetism, etc. Such
parameters should also be graded as “primary”, “secondar”, “tertiary”, etc., depending upon the
gradation of the active roles played by the various interaction parameters in nature. For
example, using Newton’s 2nd law, we can re-derive (see Section 2) the velocity of light in the
free space (Cosmic Ether) as
1
0 0
2
0
c /
−
= , where
1
0
−
is the electric tension and
0
is the magnetic
resistance of the Cosmic Ether. Consequently,
0
c
is a secondary parameter derived out of
nature’s action triggering parameters
1
0
− &
0
;
0
c
should not be used as a fundamental
operating parameter of nature. Similarly, we treat
in
= / c , as another action parameter
since it facilitates all the light-matter dipolar stimulation and interaction processes, rather than
media dependent
. Nature’s engineering interaction processes are buried into the structures of
the working equations and are indicated by the operators within the equations by “+”, “-”, “/”, “
/ x
”, “
2 2 / t
”, etc., etc.). These are not just abstract mathematical symbols in working
equations but are logics to develop potential models for the physical interaction processes that
are being experienced by the interacting physical entities before they transform into newer
physical entities.
Explicit recognition of the active roles of algebraic parameters, and connected by mathematical
interaction operators, have critically important roles in constructing successful mathematical
equations that could model actual interaction processes taking place in a natural phenomenon.
For example, Einstein’s photoelectric equation was invented to model the energy balance
(kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons), which was observed in the photoelectric data.
That equation did not try to model the initial step of physical dipolar amplitude activation that
gets induced on the quantum mechanically bound electron within the complex material matrix.
This is why Einstein’s photoelectric equation, while correctly accommodates the energy
balancing conditions, cannot model the deeper level of interaction processes between EM
waves and the quantum mechanically bound electrons with the complex material matrix.
Another major example is the equation for the Mathematical Superposition Principle (M-SP) as
a simple summation of two or more amplitude signals. However, the Observable Superposition
Effect (O-SE) has the correct prescription of the “square modulus” operation that models the
real physical interaction process behind the energy exchange and observable data generation.
But we need to enquire what physical entity would execute this “square modulus” operation?