Page 1 of 14
European Journal of Applied Sciences – Vol. 11, No. 1
Publication Date: February 25, 2023
DOI:10.14738/aivp.111.13954. Antonio, Y. A. (2023). Security Challenges in Implementation of Drone as a Delivery Method in Indonesia. European Journal of
Applied Sciences, Vol - 11(1). 432-445.
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom
Security Challenges in Implementation of Drone as a
Delivery Method in Indonesia
Yohanes Adeatma Antonio
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya, Jakarta, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
The application of drone as a method of transportation and delivery has been
implemented, however there are still challenges and difficulties faced especially
when trying to do it in Indonesia. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of
security for drones, either from the physical, privacy, or the drone’s own cyber
security. In order to further study the drones’ security problem, a systematic
literature review is conducted to provide analysis for the application of drone in the
Indonesian industrial context. The study result shows that in addition to drone user
behavior problems, there is technical problem that limits the usage of drone in
Indonesia. From the research conducted, alternative solutions include having a
more thorough laws and regulation concerning drones use and data privacy issues
in order for it to be developed further in Indonesia.
Keyword: Drone; UAV; Delivery Drone; Safety, Indonesia.
INTRODUCTION
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, also commonly known as drone, has now become widely used in
civilian use following significant developments in aerospace technology. Previously, drones are
only used in the military as target practice, in order to avoid casualty and direct interaction with
humans [1]. Furthermore, Hodgkinson and Johnston states that ease of access for drone allow
wider public use outside of the military, which includes various public application for civilians
such as: aerial photography, agriculture, forestry, Search and Rescue, smoke detection from
bushfires, and geographical mapping using LIDAR [2].
However, one of the fastest growing area of drone application is for commercial business,
particularly delivery. Amazon Air is one of the companies that push for application of drone in
order to make delivering packages faster, expand its reach and increase their supply chain [3].
Application of drone for delivery service has unique advantages, such as completely bypassing
road traffic, reduction of delivery costs, and faster delivery time. [4][5]. Drone can also be used
for deliveries in a smaller scale, such as the case for the start-up company Manna that has been
successful in short, ranged delivery of food and beverages [6].
Furthermore, using drone for delivery is not limited to just food or other commercial packages,
During the heights of COVID-19 pandemic, several institutions uses drone to send health
equipment such as masks and vaccines to those who needs it. Some countries, such as USA,
Israel dan Ghana has make use f drone to deliver health equipment and COVID-19 tests for their
people [7].
Page 2 of 14
433
Antonio, Y. A. (2023). Security Challenges in Implementation of Drone as a Delivery Method in Indonesia. European Journal of Applied Sciences,
Vol - 11(1). 432-445.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/aivp.111.13954
In Indonesia, the field for drone application has expanded both for commercial package delivery
as well as for health purposes. As an example, a drone community in Makassar, South Sulaweis,
has supported the government’s COVID-19 team to deliver food and health equipment for
people who have to self-isolate due to COVID [8]. Application of drone is particularly useful
because it enables people who are spread across nearby islands to be reached more easily,
bypassing the difficult terrain or lack of mobility in more remote regions.
Indonesia has a massive population (over 270 million in 2022) and its fast economic
developments has contributed in the growth of consumers buying power, particularly in the e- commerce market during the pandemic. This has been addressed by Terradrone, a company
that previously used drone to take geographical data, industry inspection, and high-quality
images for agriculture. They have announced that they will expand their business and make use
of drones for cargo deliveries in Indonesia.
However, despite these many possible uses of drone, there are still plenty of issues and
difficulties that acts as obstacles for widespread use of drone in the general public. These issues
range from the difficulty in security, privacy, logistics, cost, and many others. Among those
factors, this literature study will focus its analysis in the area of security, which includes privacy
as well as physical and cyber security. This literature study will aim to discuss and analyse
various literatures that talks delves into the drone security issues in more depth, and how this
is an obstacle for how drone can be used as delivery methods in different countries. From that
study, it will also research the possible solutions applied in other countries, and how it might
be applied in Indonesia. This is important in order to ensure that Indonesia will not fall behind
in following the current technological development, and that this research can analyse
necessary steps to adopt drone as the delivery method of the future.
METHODOLOGY
This study is a systematic and theoretical study about the application of drone as a delivery
method in Indonesia. The discussion includes the difficulty, solution as well as limitation of
drone application with the geographical context of Indonesian people. The research follows the
approach and methods from Durach, Kembro and Wieland which includes five steps of
systematic literature study, which are: (1) writing down research questions (2) Determine the
desired characteristics from primary study, (3) Choosing the appropriate literature, (4)
Synthesize those literatures, and (5) write down the result of the systematic literature study [9].
Research Questions
The first step in this literature study is to determine the research question, because this not only
decide the direction of the literature study, but also affects the relevant theory and research
papers in discussion (Randolph, 2009). The research questions raised in this study are:
RQ1: How much research has discussed drone security issues?
RQ2: What security topics are raised?
RQ3: Do the research conducted provides solution for those security issues?
RQ4: What is the limitation of this research?
Page 3 of 14
Services for Science and Education – United Kingdom 434
European Journal of Applied Sciences (EJAS) Vol. 11, Issue 1, February-2023
In order to answer the first research question, the characteristic of the chosen literatures has to
be decided first. The research papers must be qualitative or quantitative journals that has been
published in reputable international or national journals. Content wise, the scope of journal
discussed includes drone security issues, whether from the physical, cyber or privacy aspect,
and possible alternatives to deal with it.
The second and third research questions give the direction and limitations in the literature
topics that are studied in this literature study, the discussion is focused in the security issues
that obstruct the application of drone as a delivery method, and alternative solutions to solve it
in the context of Indonesia. The chosen literatures will observe the challenges and solutions for
drone as a transportation method, especially about the complication and relevance in
Indonesia. These literatures must also observe the challenges and solution globally, not just
limited to Indonesia, in order to provide a framework and benchmark for the general research
of drone and its strategic application. Finally, how effective that research is in raising solutions
and possible application serves as a reference to answer the fourth research question.
Literature Selection Process
After knowing the research question, the next step is to find literature that fits the needed
characteristics, which is by choosing the journals based on the guidelines of papers by Mulrow
and Tranfield et al by finding relevant keywords such as drone, cyber security, privacy violation,
regulation etc [10][11]. Literature findings are done manually, which means that these keyword
searches are not limited in exclusive keywords only, but also various synonyms such as looking
for the term UAV alongside ‘Unmanned Aerial Vehicles’ keywords.
After finding literature according to the appropriate keywords, the next step is to do literature
selection to pick the literatures that fit the aim of this study. Next, the discussion of the security
issues and possible solutions from each literature are synthesized in order to answer the
research questions of this literature study. Finally, that synthesis result is seen in the Indonesian
context, so that it can highlight the challenges and solutions that can specifically be applied in
the situation in Indonesia.
Data Aggregation and Analysis
In the discussion, all the selected literature is compiled in a table based on the category of each
journal. The categories in the journals are as follows:
• Writers name
• Writers institution and country
• Published Year
• Title and topic area
From this table, the issue raised by each writer will be analysed. Analysis is done to find how
the writer answer the research question raised by those literature, and alternative solution are
recommended to solve those security issues. Finally, this study analyses the limitation of those
solutions and possibility of that solution application in the Indonesian context and tabulate all
this info in a table. That table will have the following category: