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Archives of Business Research – Vol. 9, No.2
Publication Date: February 25, 2021
DOI: 10.14738/abr.92.9241.
Ayano, N. B., & Meja, M. F. (2021). Constraints of Community Participation on Domestic Solid Waste Management in Sodo City, Wolayita
Ethiopia. Archives of Business Research, 9(2). 257-278.
Constraints of Community Participation on Domestic Solid
Waste Management in Sodo City, Wolayita Ethiopia
Nigatu Bushura Ayano
Expert in Woliata Zone Planning Commission
Merihun Fikru Meja
PhD Candidate in Rural Development at Addis Ababa University
College of Development Studies
ABSTRACT
This study was undertaken to assess the constraints of
community participation on domestic solid waste management
activities in sodo city, Ethiopia. Both qualitative and
quantitative data were collected from primary and secondary
sources. The primary data were collected from 204 households
who were randomly selected from four kebeles (Fana, Gebeya,
Gido and Selame) of wolayita-sodo city. The primary data were
gathered through survey questionnaire, key informant
interview, focus group discussion, and field observation. The
secondary data were collected from central statistics authority,
city municipality, published and unpublished sources. The
collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and
binary logistic regression model. The result shows that
participation of communities on domestic solid waste
management was low. The result from binary logistic
regression model revealed that the probability of household
participation on domestic solid waste management was
positively and significantly constrained by educational level of
households, household income, and household access to main
road, small-scale enterprise service coverage and supply of
waste facility. On the other hand, sex of household head and
marital statuses were negatively and significantly constrained
the probability of household participations on domestic solid
waste management. As a result, widening the horizon of
education and training, expanding small-scale enterprise
service coverage, supply of waste facility and provision of road
infrastructure within the community was suggested to reduce
constraints of community participation on domestic solid waste
management.
Keywords: Community participation, Domestic Solid Waste
Management, Binary logistic regression, Households, Constraints
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Ayano, N. B., & Meja, M. F. (2021). Constraints of Community Participation on Domestic Solid Waste Management in Sodo City, Wolayita
Ethiopia. Archives of Business Research, 9(2). 257-278.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.9241. 258
INTRODUCTION
Globally, waste production has practically doubled over the last one decade and it is also
expected to reach 2.5 billion tons per year in 2025 as a result of the combined effect of
urban development and changes in consumption patterns of city community [1]. In
addition to this increasing industrialization and fast growth of urbanization does not only
pose problems related to the resources allocation and powers but also severely challenges
the natural environment. Environmental degradation such as contaminated water, sinking
ground water levels, Unhealthy soils and polluted air has become a harsh reality in many
parts of the world [2].
Solid waste management is a complex task which depends on organization and cooperation
between households, private enterprises and governments up on sorting, collection,
recycling, transportation and final disposal activities [3]. Many different actors have
experimented with various technological options to find viable alternatives for appropriate
collection and disposal of solid waste. Urban areas in Ethiopia are in a state of expansion
without the standard plan; this paved the way for challenging municipal service delivery.
Like in many developing cities, a rapid population growth and high rural-urban migration
poses many urban development challenges for towns in Ethiopia. One of these challenges is
community participation in domestic solid waste management [4].
Community participation is a key factor attaining the goal of solid waste management
(SWM) [5, 6]. In developing countries, community participation plays an important role in
achieving SW management [7, 8, 9]. In developing countries with large population, the
human resource is the potential resource for development. Human resources play the key
role in SW management in developing countries. The rapid population growth is one of the
major challenging factors that enhances waste management problem in urban area. As ill- managed wastes generation leads to a big environmental hazard, the inabilities of societies
to manage waste generation play a significant role in increasing environmental pressures
[6].
According to [10] community participation defined as getting involved in, or taking part in
an activity by individuals and groups at all levels; participation also includes activities
related to domestic solid waste segregation, storage, recycling, transportation and final
disposal practice. Community participants may include residential associations, charitable
organization, welfare societies, and self-help groups who participate in collection or
picking, transportation, storage, disposal and recycling of solid waste [10].
Poor coordination of community in solid waste management practices within the town has
resulted in the accumulation of wastes on open lands, on streets, in drainage channels
(ditches), on the riverbanks and around residential area of the town [11]. This in turn,
causing huge problems especially unclean smelling pools, water and soil pollution and
burning of waste leading to air pollution, blockage of drains, and consequently aggravates
the spread of diseases. This situation presents a formidable threat to health and
productivity of the town dwellers [11].
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The current solid waste collection, transportation and disposal capacity of Sodo City are
miss-much with the growing number of population. Because, low level of community
participation, absence of adequate planned disposal site (land fill site), shortage of public
storage facilities (large sized containers),small distribution of communal bin installations,
absence of data about the nature of solid wastes, inadequate financial and skilled
manpower, few number of small scale intersperse service coverage create difficulty for
municipality to provide adequate services for the town in general and for communities in
particular (Sodo Town Administration Annual Report [11]. This shows that the integration
with formal settlement development and solid waste management is very less and
community participation is not going parallel with the municipality effort.
According to the data obtained from the annual report of the town administration (2016),
about 350m3 per day of solid waste generated. Out of this 149.8 m3 per day or only 42.8%
of solid waste collected and properly managed. The remaining 200.2 m3 (57.2%) of solid
waste is either disposed to riverbanks or along roads, avenues, drainage channels (ditches),
open spaces (greeneries), around residential areas in environmentally unsound manner
[12]. Municipalities carried out a few survey and studies in 2006 and 2010 E.C about the
generation and composition of solid waste in Sodo City, but not about the constraints of
community participation in domestic solid waste management (DSWM) at the household
level.
As far as the level of community participation of Sodo City is concerned there was low
status of community participation in domestic solid waste management practices, in the
town not only generating large quantity of waste but also, community participation on the
methods of waste disposal and management practice was in poor state of disposal
system[12].
Moreover, commercial solid waste generation and composition analysis on disposal site
selection and impacts of uncollected waste on the natural environment were the challenges
of solid waste management in urban areas [13, 14, and 6]. In addition that as scholar [15,
16] give an emphasis to the challenges of municipal solid waste management and the
demand for improved solid waste management services. However, a constraint of
community participation on domestic soid waste management (DSWM) is emphasizing less
and all; which was conducted very far distant from now and even special emphasis is given
to solid waste management aspects. Hence, comprehensive studies those investigate the
different variables that influence community participation on domestic solid waste
management is needed [17, 18].
Furthermore, there were few researches undertaken in urban areas of Ethiopia but they
were limited to the level of major cities; Addis Ababa, Mekele, Jigega and other major and
capital cities of regional states of the country to evaluate the impact of different factors on
solid waste collection, transportation, disposal service and household willingness to pay for
solid waste management options those works by [18] in Mekele city, [21] in Jigega city and
[6] in Addis Ababa city, [19] was among the few. However, those previous works that
focused in the above-mentioned cities of Ethiopia did not tell the constraints of community
participation in domestic solid waste management activities of Sodo City.
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Ayano, N. B., & Meja, M. F. (2021). Constraints of Community Participation on Domestic Solid Waste Management in Sodo City, Wolayita
Ethiopia. Archives of Business Research, 9(2). 257-278.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.9241. 260
Against to the entire back drop, this study was to assess constraints of community
participation in domestic solid waste management activities of Sodo City. The research was
done as follow: the first part is describing the existing household participation in domestic
solid waste management of Sodo City; then, identifying demographic, socio-economic and
institutional variables that influence community participation in domestic solid waste
management in Sodo City;
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
Descriptions of the Study Area
Wolaita Sodo City is one of the oldest Cities in the South Nations, Nationalities and people’s
Regional state, which ranks the second-class City out of 22 reform towns in the region
(Soddo city Municipality, 2016 Annual Report). Wolaita Sodo is a seat for Wolaitta Zone
Administration. Astronomically, the City is located between 6o 481 30” N latitude and 37o
431 30”E to 37o 471 30”E longitude. It is located west of the regional capital, Hawassa at a
distance of 167 km and south west of Addis Ababa at a distance of 378km (through
Shashemen) and 327km (through Butajira, Hosanna) and even a little shorter distance,
than the later through the recently constructed Butajira- Wulbareg- Alaba road 307km. The
City occupies a total area of 3,204.6 hectare of land .The City is crossed by the federal high
ways from different direction and there are seven gateways that created a grater
geographical connectivity to the City with other Zonal administration and regions. The City
is situated on effectively central position to all Woredas of the zone.
Sampling Techniques and Sample Size Determination
Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select sample from the study population
of the residential households. At the first stage sodo city was selected to conduct the
research. At the second stage three sub-cites was selected and, sub-cites having11 Kebeles.
Therefore, the researcher purposely selected four Kebeles to undertake the study, the
reason why choosing four kebles is the severity of the problems and the existence of high
concentration of solid waste. Hence, according to drawing samples for the study Gebya
(market) & Fana Kebeles were selected from Mercato Sub-City, Gido Kebele from Mehal
Sub-City and Selam Kebele was selected from Arada Sub-City to conduct the sample survey.
The four Kabeles have 8897 residential households in total. Finally in the third stage, the
required number of households was selected through simple random sampling procedure
from the household registry of each kebeles to compute sampling units for study from the
study area.
To determine appropriate sample size simplified formula which was developed by [22],
was used. The reason why is its simplicity, flexibility and reliability. The mathematical
formula present below:
Where n= is the required sample size
N= Total number of household size
e= margin of error (7%)
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Therefore, applying the population size to the formula, the following sample size was
obtained:
n= 8897 / (1+8897X (0.07)2) =204
Therefore, with the help of the above formula the sample size of 204 respondents was
selected randomly from the household registry of each kebele by using simple random
sampling technique. Thus, the primary data for this study were collected from 204
households selected from four kebele (Fana, Gebeya, Gido and Selame ) of sodo town.
Finally, the simple random sampling with proportionate allocation was used to select 204
respondents from the above four mentioned kebeles.
Table.1 Population and Sample size Determination by Proportional Allocation of Selected
Kebeles.
Kebele name Household size Proportion Sample size
Fana 2620 0.29 60
Gebeya 2480 0.28 57
Gido 1984 0.22 45
Selam 1813 0..21 42
Total 8897 1 204
Source: Based On CSA, 2007 Projection Adopted by Sodo Town Health Office Annual Report (2017).
Data Sources and Method of Data Collection
This study used two main streams of data sources. These two sources were primary and
secondary data sources. The primary data sources were data obtained from sample survey
response, focus group discussion, key informant interview and field observations
supported by photographs etc. Primary sources used for collecting data to carry out this
study, survey techniques such as questionnaire, key informant interview, focus group
discussion, and personal observation were made to identify the demographic, socio- economic, and institutional variables that influence community participation in domestic
solid waste management activities in the City to attain the research objectives.
Questionnaire was prepared for 204 residential households and before the final data
collection activity carried out the pre-test was done in the other Kebeles with similar
conditions to check the validity of the instrument. Based on the result of pre-testing the
questionnaire was adjusted accordingly and then the final survey was conducted. Focus
group discussion was made for purposely-selected Kebele administrators, managers, health
extension workers and representatives from the community totally 12 participants were
assembled at Kebele level and FGD conducted one times in each Kebele sum up of 4 time
FGDs done by the guidance of the researcher to list the community view, attitude and
practices of community activities in solid waste segregation, collection, transportation and
disposal of their locality. Furthermore, to collect the information related to constraints of
community participation in solid waste management activity because they are involved on
the facilitation activity of solid waste segregation, collection, transportation and disposal
activities within the community.
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Ayano, N. B., & Meja, M. F. (2021). Constraints of Community Participation on Domestic Solid Waste Management in Sodo City, Wolayita
Ethiopia. Archives of Business Research, 9(2). 257-278.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.9241. 262
Key informant Interview: in addition to RHHs survey and FGD, key informant interview
was made with 6, SBPD work process, and 4, officials from town concerned offices
(municipality, Health and Environmental protection) who were selected purposely by the
researcher to acquire relevant information related to the study that can more strengthen
the validity and reliability of the study meaningfully. Observation: Finally, personal
observations were made by the researcher in the existing conditions of the community
participation in domestic solid waste management activities in selected areas of the City.
The researcher used personal field observation to validate some of the data collected
through questionnaire and focus group discussion. Besides, the actual reality on the ground
was supported by photo pictures.
Secondary source of data was gathered from library books, journals, thesis, and online
searches about issues related to the constraints of community participation in domestic
solid waste management and to establish a conceptual and theoretical background of the
study. In addition, different documents on solid waste management in Ethiopia in general
and in Wolita Zone, Sodo City administration in particular were used. Most of the data were
from regional and local government offices especially; offices like Sodo-City administration,
municipality, Wolayita zone town’s development, and housing department, environmental
protection authority were helpful sources of secondary data.
Model Specification and Method of Data Analysis
Before any analysis can commence the questionnaire first edited and coded. The data were
analyzed using descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression model analysis. The data
were both qualitative and quantitative to ensure objectivity; this assisted in ensuring the
data were free from any selective perception that can dilute its validity and reliability. For
qualitative and quantitatively collected data average ranking, percentile expression and
analysis was done. For Likert scale questions, the ranking styles were categorized under
maximum weighted values out of 5 or 4. The descriptive statistics were the frequencies,
percentage, and mean values. The analysis was done using STATA software version 11. The
study used binary logistic regression statistical technique to test the hypothesis and to
predict the probability of household participation in domestic solid waste management.
According to [23] this type of regression was used when either variable that the researcher
wishes to study are measured at ratio or interval scales and dependent variables was found
to be binary outcomes. The results were presented in the form of tables.
As far as the study were concerned, objectives stated and the type of data decided to
identify the probability observe by the community participation in domestic solid waste
management activities in Sodo Town, a binary logistic regression model was developed.
Logistic regression was applied to measure public opinion about the public involvement in
a selection, storage, transportation, recycling and final disposal scheme [24]. Logistic
regression analysis studies the association between a categorical dependent variable
(community participation in DSWM) and a set of independent (explanatory/predictor)
variables. The name logistic regression is used when the dependent variable has only two
values, such as zero and one or Yes and No. Therefore, community participation in
domestic solid waste management activities is a categorical dependent variable that
discriminate the household participation on solid waste management activities analyzing
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categorically responded variable, contented measuring of ‘Yes or No’. The logit model gives
parameter estimates that are asymptotically efficient and consistent. The logit approaches
were known to produce statistically sound results (Gujarati, 2004).
The functional formula of the logistic regression equation is
[P (logist)] = log [ = ß0 +ß1X1 + ß2X2 + ß3X3 +... ß12X12--------- (1)
P (2)
Where:
P -Is the probability that a case is in a particular category;
Exp- Is the base of natural logarithms (approximately 2.72);
a- Is the value of a constant
ß- Is the coefficient of the predictor variables and
X1, X2, X3... are independent variables.
The mathematical transformation (log transformation) is needed to normalize the
distribution. Where log transformation and square root transformation moved skewed
distribution closer to normality. This log transformation of the p values to a distribution
enables to create a link with the normal regression equation. The log distribution (logistic
transformation of p) is also called the logist of p or logist (p). Logist (p) is the log to base (e)
of the odds, ratio or likelihood ratio that the dependent variable is I in symbol as it is
defines as:
Logistic regression (p) log /p/ (1-p)/ in [p/ (1-p)] ------------- (3)
Whereas p can only range from 0 to 1 logit whereas (p) scale ranges from negative to
positive infinity and is symmetrical around the logistic of 0.5 (which is zero). Formula
below shows that relationship between the usual regression equation (a+bx...etc), which is
a straight-line formula and the logistic regression equation.
Diagnostic Tests
Model specification test: the assumptions of logistic regression analysis are not met it lead
to our estimation incorrect outcome, such as biased coefficient estimates or very large
standard errors for the logistic regression coefficients, and these problems may lead to
invalid statistical inferences. Therefore, before we use our model to make any statistical
inference check that our model fits sufficiently well and checks for influential observations
that have impact on the estimates of the coefficients [25].
To detect a specification error after the regression command, Link test used to test the
linear predicted value(_hat) and linear predicted value squared(_hatsq) as the predictors to
rebuild the model. The variable _hat should be a statistically significant predictor, since it is
the predicted value from the model. This will be the case unless the model is completely
miss-specified. On the other hand, if our model properly specified, variable _hatsq should
not have much predictive power except by chance. Therefore, if _hatsq is significant, then
the link test is significant. This usually means that either we have omitted relevant
variable(s) or our link function is not correctly specified. In this study link test report that
the model is correctly specified, because (_hat) is significant and (_hatsq) is not significant.
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Ayano, N. B., & Meja, M. F. (2021). Constraints of Community Participation on Domestic Solid Waste Management in Sodo City, Wolayita
Ethiopia. Archives of Business Research, 9(2). 257-278.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.9241. 264
The p value associated the chi- square with “n” degrees of freedom and Hosmer and
Lemeshow was used to test goodness of fit test. In this study p value associated the chi- square with 5 degree of freedom. The value of .0000 indicates that the model as a whole is
statistically significant i.e the model fit the data well.
Multicollinearity test: in the logistic regression solution is detected by examining the
standard errors for the β coefficients. A standard error larger than 2.0 indicates that there
exist numerical problems, such as multicollinearity among the independent variables,
therefore in our case there is no problem of multicollinearity. Heteroscedasticity test: to
control for heteroscedasticity in binary outcomes model robust logistic regression was
used. Heteroscedasticity in binary outcome models will affect both “Betas” and their
standard errors (Wooldrige, 2001). In this study, both the regressions i.e earlier regression
and robust logistic regression have the same result. None of the coefficient estimates
changed, but the standard errors and the Z values are little different had there been more
heteroscedasticity in this data, there would have seen bigger changes. Therefore, this data
is free from heteroscedasticity problem.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Socio-economic Analysis of the Study
This section described the major socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the
households. The variables illustrated subsequently were sex, age, marital status of the
household heads; family size and educational level attained by the household heads were
included as well. In addition socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the
households such as annual income of the household and house ownership of the
households were also analyzed.
Sex
Table 2 showed that sex of the household heads. In general, Male Household number was
found to be higher than females; nevertheless, there was no considerable difference in the
number of headship in both sexes. According to table 4.1 male heads accounted for 53 % of
the households and females was found to be 47 % of the sample households. Sex of the
household heads had an influence on the process of waste handling in respect to labor
division. Most of the time females are engaged in the process of residential waste collection
and disposal. This may be due to the fact that women traditionally are more responsible for
domestic solid waste management within the house.
Table 2: Frequency Distribution of Household Head Respondents of Sodo City, 2018
Sex Frequency Percent
Female 96 47
Male 108 53
Total 204 100
Source: Own survey result, (2018)
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Age
The age distribution of the household head is important for determining his/her ability to
participate in the process of solid waste management. Table 3 revealed that the current age
distribution of household heads. It indicated that most of the household heads were found
in the working age group. The household heads that were found in old age group made for
19 % of the total respondents. About 24.5 % of the heads were belong to the age group of
51-60; those who were aged in between 41-50 make 28.5 % and 21 % of the household
heads were in the age group of 31-40. The rest 7 % of the household heads were aged
below 30 years. About 43.5 % of the respondents were in the age group greater than 50,
which were highly, influenced the process of waste management however; it might be
compensated by income amount generated from various sources like house rent, business
activity, and others.
Table 3: Frequency Distribution of Age of Household Head Respondents of Sodo City
Age Frequency Percent
30 and below 14 7
31-40 43 21
41-50 58 28.5
51-60 50 24.5
61 and above 39 19
Total 204 100
Source: Computed from surveyed data, (2018)
Marital Status
Family is central to income maintenance, economic status, and social adjustment.
Therefore, marriage value has economic and social implications. Table 4. gives the
distribution of marital status in the sample household heads. As table 4.3 revealed that
about 63.2 % of the household heads were married currently. While the other 22.6 % were
never married or single, 8.3 % divorced or separated and 5.9 % widowed
Table 4: Frequency Distribution of Marital Status of the Respondent Households of Sodo City
Marital status Frequency Percent
Married 129 63.2
Single 46 22.6
Divorced 17 8.3
Widowed 12 5.9
Total 204 100
Source: Computed from surveyed data (2018)
Household Family Size
Table.5 shows the average household size in the study area. It is used as a measure of
crowdedness of population and has great implication on health and collection of DSW. A
little below half of the population was found to have 4-6 member of the household (46.6%).
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Ayano, N. B., & Meja, M. F. (2021). Constraints of Community Participation on Domestic Solid Waste Management in Sodo City, Wolayita
Ethiopia. Archives of Business Research, 9(2). 257-278.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.9241. 266
The second highest was 24.4% less than or equal to 3 member and lesser amount 21.5% of
the household 7-9 members. The remaining 7.5% of the household had more than 10
members. The maximum HH family size was 4-6 that accounts for 95 (46.6%) of the
respondents. This increases their understanding, as the amount of DSW generation
depends on the size of the HHs. Increase in the number of family increases consumption
that also increases waste generation and contributed to the creation of pressure on its
managements.
Table 5: Distribution of Family Sizes of the Respondent Households of Sodo City
Household family size Frequency Percent
1-3 50 24.4
4-6. 95 46.6
7-9. 44 21.5
10< 15 7.5
Total 204 100
Source: Computed from surveyed data (2018)
Amount of Income Distributions with in the Community
Household income is the other socio-economic factor that leads to the increasing volume of
solid waste, as well as increasing problem of household participation on domestic solid
waste management. From the socio-economic conditions amount of annual income of the
household has an impact on solid waste management. Socio-economic changes,
consumption patterns, waste prevention, and demographic dynamics are the main factors
that affect the domestic solid waste generation, composition and handling, which in turn
affects the waste management practices at household level.
Table 6 Frequency Distribution of Monthly Income of the Respondents of Sodo City, 2018
Monthly income Frequency Percent
1-1500 birr 50 24.51
1501-2500 birr 50 24.51
2501-3500 birr 38 18.63
3501-4500 birr 31 15.20
4501-5500 birr 23 11.76
5501 Above birr 12 5.39
Total 204 100
Source: Computed from surveyed data (2018)
Education
The majority of the households in Sodo City had low educational background. This
educational background of the respondents might influence their active participation and
handling of household solid waste. Therefore, to upgrade their understanding about the
problems caused by mismanagement of domestic solid wastes permanent and organized
training and awareness campaigns are needed. Table .7 shows the highest grade completed
by the sample household heads. It revealed that those household heads that never attain
formal education system makes for about 49(23.8%). The largest proportion 72(34.8%) of
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the respondents completed only their primary school education, while about 52(25.7%) of
the household head completed secondary school education. A relatively smaller proportion
of the household heads followed and completed college level. The remaining (8.8 %) of the
respondents are university and above graduates.
Table .7 Education Levels of the Respondents of Sodo City, 2018
Level of education Frequency Percent
Illiterate 49 23.8
Primary education(1-6) 72 34.8
Secondary education(7-12) 52 25.7
College 15 6.9
University and above 16 8.8
Total 204 100
Source: Author’s computation 2018.
House Ownership of the Respondents
House is very important for life and if people are not having their own house they forced to
live in rental house and this can affect the people’s continuous participation in domestic
solid waste management activities. Because people live in rental, houses had a high
possibility to change their homes and they are not participating consistently in community
development activities like solid waste management practices such as campaign cleaning,
regular meeting, and awareness creation training is mandatory for good community
participation [26].
Table 8. Housing Condition of the Respondents of Sodo City, 2018
Housing condition Frequency Parentage
Rental 109 53
Private 95 47
Total 204 100
Source: Computed from surveyed data (2018)
In this study house ownership was considered by assessing the people living on their house
and rented. Among the study population 47% disclose that they live in their own private
houses and the rest of 53% households rented houses from private owners and
government housing agency.
Description of Community Participation on Domestic Solid Waste Management
Activities of the Town
The horrific practices of a community in relation to domestic solid waste management in
most urban areas of the country have been manifested mainly in three ways: dumping of
solid waste illegally anywhere in the city, improper handling of waste at home, and
improper use of community waste bins & containers. Domestic solid wastes are generally
poorly treated or handled at home, and this has partly aggravated the problem of solid
waste management in cities and towns. Therefore, the bad practice of the community has
greatly contributed to the poor community participation on domestic solid waste
management. However, it may not be the only reason; sometimes negligence or lack of
awareness among the community towards community participation on domestic solid
waste management play a significant role for poor solid waste management practice.
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Ayano, N. B., & Meja, M. F. (2021). Constraints of Community Participation on Domestic Solid Waste Management in Sodo City, Wolayita
Ethiopia. Archives of Business Research, 9(2). 257-278.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.9241. 268
Local residents, individuals attempt to manage the waste they generate, their collective
activities to have a clean village environment and their capacity to move the waste to
communal collection points all have an impact on the overall waste management system.
As it is explained in the interview from SBPD work process and RHH informants in the
study area, there is no sufficient stationary communal pit disposal and communal
containers for the communities’ usage, no regular and full services coverage of SSE, low
access to waste disposal facility. Such conditions may contribute to illegal dumping and
hinders active participation of the community in their domestic solid waste management
practice. The participation level of HH “strong and above strong” in source collection are
43(21.1%) and below average 64(31.6%), the remaining 97(47.3%) is average. However,
the overall average obtained by the finding is 2.9 out of 5. That is almost average value, and
in activity of source collection, a good participation was observed (Table. 9).
The household practice to store DSW properly were108 (52.75%) and 30(14.89%) above
average and below average respectively, and the average achieved value was 3.7 out of 5 is
at better performance of participation. The finding indicates that in recycling/reusing,
burying, transporting, and disposing to disposal site of solid waste, the community
participation was very poor or weak. Therefore, their average achieved values out of 5
were 1.4, 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. Burying, transporting and disposing at disposal site are
at very poor participation level. As an average of overall seven participation variables of in- house DSWM practices, the residents achieved1.8 out of 5. This was considered as
weak/poor level of participation (Table 9).
Table.9 Extent of Community Participation on Domestic Solid Waste Management at HH
Level
Items Extent of participation
I segregate &collect
waste from the source
Very
strong
(5)
Strong
(4)
Average
(3)
Poor
(2)
Almost
none(1)
Not at
all(0)
Mean
13(6.2) 30(15) 97(47.3) 45(22.4) 19(9.2) - 2.9
I properly store all the
wastes at home
48(23.3) 60(29.4) 66(32.1) 23(11.3) 7(3.6) - 3.7
I recycle and reuse the
solid waste from my
home/compost/
preparation
- - 21(10.2) 81(39.8) 82(40.4) 20(9.6) 1.4
I burn the waste from
my home
19(9.5) 38(18.7) 59(28.7) 61(30) 17(8.1) 10(5.1) 2.6
I bury the waste from
my home
- - - 12(5,9) 39(19.2) 153(74.9) 0.3
I transport and dump
the stored waste
myself
- - - - 48(23.7) 156(76.3) 0.2
Total 80(6.5) 128(10.4) 243(19.8) 222(18.1) 212(17.3) 339(27.6) 1.8
Note: the numbers outside the bracket refers frequencies; the number inside the bracket refers percentage
Source: Own survey result, (2018)
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Table 10. Community Participation Status of the Household on Domestic Solid Waste
Management Activities of the City
Kebele Name Sample Household Participated On DSWM Not Participated On DSWM
Frequency % Frequency %
Fana 6o 36 61 23 39
Gebeya 57 35 61.4 23 38.6
Gido 45 32 51.1 22 48.8
Selam 42 23 53.5 20 46.5
Total 204 117 57.5 66 42.5
Source: Own survey result, 2018
The result investigate that Proportion to population size 60, 57, 45, and 42 of the towns
was drawn in order from four kebele which in total 204. Based on the community
participation in DSWM activity, the study found that 157(57.5 %) of households of the total
population are participated and the rest 87(42.5%) are not participated in solid waste
management activities. From the total of 204 households in the study, the community
participation status of each respective kebeles was also presented in the table .10 with Gido
lowest (51.1 percent) and Gebeya the highest (61.4 percent) level of participation.
Household Waste Collecting Materials
Respondents were asked about their materials for collecting waste by giving them
alternatives in the form of choices. The findings indicated that materials for collecting
waste vary from households to households. Table 4.10 shows the details about this issue.
Table: 11 Materials used for collecting household waste in the City.
Type of material Frequency percentage
Local basket 20 9.8
Sacks 70 34
Plastic bags 56 27.4
Others 58 28.4
Total 204 100
Source: Own survey result, 2018
The above result in table .11 shows that only 9.8% of the respondents use basket. The
majority of the respondents (34%) use sacks locally known as 'Madaberia', 27.4%
respondents use hard festal or small plastic bags and 28.4% of the respondents use other
collecting materials such as metal pails and plastic pails. The above solid waste collecting
materials in almost all households serve to transport the waste from residential areas to
the waste collecting containers.
Supply of Waste Facility on the Usage of the Service
Despite the present concerns of individuals and the government about community
participation on domestic solid waste management in Ethiopia, the practices are seen
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Ayano, N. B., & Meja, M. F. (2021). Constraints of Community Participation on Domestic Solid Waste Management in Sodo City, Wolayita
Ethiopia. Archives of Business Research, 9(2). 257-278.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.9241. 270
insignificant. Woliyta Sodo City still is facing serious CPDSWM problems. From observation,
household domestic wastes only seen in the study area. Most of the domestic wastes come
from activities such as cooking and household activities. Municipal wastes come from the
trashes from commercial establishments, small industries, and households’ waste origin
together. These, include tins, plastic products, and polythene bags. Solid waste, when
treated well, can be turned into a resource, but the greater part of wastes generated in
Sodo City seem not to undergo any treatment before their final disposal sites. Solid wastes
generated in Sodo were most often disposed of in open dumps, gutter, and at back of
houses probably due to lack of awareness, low level of institutional capacity including
inadequate solid waste management equipment or the long distances to the sanitary sites
those factors highly influence household participation in waste management practice.
Households in the study area were asked about sufficient supply of waste collecting
containers and the result was shown in Table .12
Table: 12 Sufficiencies of Solid Waste Containers with in the Community
Sufficiency of containers Frequency Percentage
sufficient 47 23
not sufficient 157 77
Total 204 100
Source: Own survey result, 2018
From the above Table 12 only 23% of the households stated that they were satisfied with
the existing containers. However, 77 % of the respondents affirmed that they were not
satisfied with the number of containers that were in use within their locality. In relation to
the above question, households were asked where they usually dispose their household
wastes. The result of the response was summarized as follows:
Table: 13 Disposal Trend Share of Household Solid Waste in the Sodo City
Disposal site trend share Frequency Percentage
Along the road 8 4
In open filed 5 2.3
Burning inside the compound 55 27.2
In open canals(ditches) 51 24.8
In municipal containers 77 37.7
In nearby rivers 8 4
Total 204 100
Source: Own survey result, 2018
As noted above on table13, the total container users in the sampled respondents were
37.7%. The remaining 27.2% of the respondents used other methods like burning waste
inside the compound, in open canals and etc, the reason why the option for other
alternatives was because containers were not available in short distance to get the
sufficient service.
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Awareness and Knowledge of Community Towards Domestic Solid Waste
Management in Wolaita Sodo City
The operational efficiency of solid waste management depends up on the active
participation of both the municipal agency and the citizens (Sharhily et al., 2008).
Community participation on domestic solid waste management may depend on their
awareness and knowledge about the issues of domestic solid waste management. The
sample RHHs informants in the study area forwarded their view in different ways.
Table .14 Respondents Level of Awareness and Knowledge Towards DSWM
Items Very
aware(4)
aware(3) un
aware(2)
totally
unaware(1)
Mean
value
I participate in any awareness
creation training about DSWM
7(3.3) 46(22.5) 98(48) 53(26) 2
How much are /were you
distinguish/know about sodo city
municipal Solid waste
management rules and
regulations?
- 54(26.4) 113(55.3) 37(18.3) 1.85
Do you know about your
responsibility concerning
domestic solid waste management
practices like; segregation,
storage, transportation, and final
disposal of DSWM of the town?
11(5.5) 91(44.6) 61(29.9) 41(20) 2.02
Total
18(2.9)
191(31.3) 272(44.4 ) 131(21.4) 1.95
Note: the numbers outside the bracket refers frequencies; the number inside the bracket refers percentage.
Source: Own survey result, (2018)
As indicated on the table14, above 53 RHHs (26%) exposed to some kind of training, the
remaining 151RHHs (74%) did not exposed to any kind of training. Those respondents
provided with training about solid waste handling, trained by the health extension workers
of the locality, by the leader of 1 to 5 groups and even some of the households trained by
Wolaita Sodo University. Majority of the respondents informed that they did not know
about the waste management rule and regulation of the town 54RHHs (26.4%) informants
informed the presence of a body that control and supervise illegal dumping in their
respective village; whereas the other 150 RHHs (73.6%) informed that there was no
control on illegal dumping.
The control activity performed by different bodies such as the leaders of one to five groups,
the locality leaders, the health extension workers, and the municipality workers. In
addition, awareness of their responsibility in domestic solid waste management, half of the
respondents 102 (50%) aware their responsibility and the remaining 102 (50%)
respondents had no awareness and they were expected municipality service.
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Ayano, N. B., & Meja, M. F. (2021). Constraints of Community Participation on Domestic Solid Waste Management in Sodo City, Wolayita
Ethiopia. Archives of Business Research, 9(2). 257-278.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.9241. 272
Constraints of Community Participation in domestic solid waste management
practice econometric Regression Results
The binary logistic regression model result shows that the chi-square value with LR chi
square value with (12) =33.12 at significant level of zero shows that inclusion of
explanatory variables contributed to the improvement of the model. As a result, out of the
incorporated variables in binary logit model, 7 variables shows statistically significant
relationship with household participation on domestic solid waste management practice.
The results described below.
In table 4.14, out of 12 predictor variables, seven of them: sex, marital status, education,
income, access to main road, small-scale enterprise service coverage and supply of waste
facility significantly affect household’s participation in domestic solid waste management
practice. The above logistic regression analyzed the variable that are positively and
significantly correlated with the probability of household participation was education,
household income, and household access to main road, small-scale enterprise service
coverage, and supply of waste facility. The variables that were significantly, but negatively
correlated with the probability of household participation were sex and marital status.
In table 4.14, the negative value of the coefficient in the independent variable shows that
when independent variable increased by a unit, the probability of being participation
decreased by about the value of the coefficient, this suggests that negative relationship
between household participation and the variable. As explained above, the variable that
was negatively correlated with household participation and significant at the same time.
Table: 15 Logistic Regression Result
Logistic Regression Results
Independent
variables
Coef. Std. Err. Z P>|z| Odds Ratio
SEX -.7148003 .3809153 -1.88 0.061* 0.4892898
MS -.4184393 .2213907 1.89 0.059* 0.6580731
FS -.1046627 .1010033 -1.04 0.300 0.9006282
ED .6750587 .1804365 3.74 0.000 *** 1.964148
AMR .8544431 .428923 1.99 0.046 ** 2.350065
HHI .689266 .3944345 1.75 0.081* 1.992252
ASSESC .8473023 .4453235 1.90 0.057 * 2.333343
SWFWC .7072874 .3768359 1.88 0.061* 2.028481
HO .2518507 .4265267 0.59 0.555 1.286404
UA -.0582404 .3654655 -0.16 0.873 0.558553
AG .0006716 .1228481 0.01 0.996 1.000672
ATF .2487072 .4491091 0.55 0.580 1.282366
- cons .1661599 .8293756 0.20 0.841
Number of obs = 204 Log likelihood = -115.88259
LR chi2 (12) = 33.12
Prob > chi2 = 0.0009
Pseudo R2 = 0.1251
NB, * Significant at 10% ** Significant at 5% *** Significant at 1%
Source: STATA output for Logistic Regression
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Archives of Business Research (ABR) Vol 9, Issue 2, February-2021
The odds ratio result shows that the probability of different variables that influences
community participation in domestic solid waste management activities in Sodo City.
Therefore, the odds ratio results were summarized as follows: Sex of the household: Sexes
of the household head were negatively influenced community participation at less than
10% probability level. Keeping all other variables remain constant, when household head is
male the odds ratio of being participated decreases by a factor of 0.489 times lower than
their female counter parts. The possible explanation for this result was that if the
household head was male the probabilities of participation were lower than that of female- headed households.
This may be due to the fact that women traditionally more responsible for solid waste
management in the household this is because of the cultural practices of woman proximity
to SW collection and house cleaning activity in our country; particularly in the study area
the finding is similar to the study conducted by (Solomon, 2017) The results also strongly
conform to hypothesized relationships between HHs sex and HHs participation in domestic
solid waste management practice.
Marital status of the household: marital status of the household head was negatively
related to the probability of households being participated and the coefficient is significant
at 10% level of confidence, holding other variables remains constant, when household head
is not engaged in marriage institution, the odds ratio of being participated decreased by a
factor of 0.658 than their counter parts. The possible explanation for this result was that
married households had practiced better participation than that of single, widowed, and
divorced ones. The finding was similar with [27]. The results also strongly conform to
hypothesized relationships between HHs marital status and HHs participation in domestic
solid waste management.
Education: education is one of the factors influencing the level of household participation in
domestic solid waste management. The variable was positively correlated with the
probability of being participated and a coefficient is statistically significant at 1% level of
significant. Keeping all other variables remain constant, the odds ratio result indicate that
educated household head participated by a factor of 1.964 probability level from that of
none educated household head. This is connected with the fact that when people level of
education increases their level of understanding, skill, living standard etc increases and this
in turn brings opportunity to be engaged in proper domestic solid waste management. The
finding was consistent with studies conducted by [28, 29]. The results also strongly
conform to hypothesized relationships between HHs level of education and HHs
participation in domestic solid waste management.
Access to main road: the finding revealed that the relationship between households
distance from main road was positively related with community participation at 5% level
of significance. The odds ratio result indicate that households having an access to main
road participated on domestic solid waste management practices increases by a factor of
2.350 probability level from their counter parts. The assumption was that the nearer the
home to the main road, the better accesses to supply of collected wastes to private
collectors, streets wipers or SSESC. So that ease of accessibility to main roads could affect
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Ayano, N. B., & Meja, M. F. (2021). Constraints of Community Participation on Domestic Solid Waste Management in Sodo City, Wolayita
Ethiopia. Archives of Business Research, 9(2). 257-278.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.9241. 274
household participation positively on domestic solid waste management practices [30].
However, since distance and access to paved roads is often still an impediment to service
delivery. This result associated with [30]. The results also strongly conform to
hypothesized relationships between HHs access to main road and HHs participation in
domestic solid waste management.
Household income: In this study, income of household was positively related with
community participation at 10% level of significance. The odds ratio result indicates that
high-income and middle income group members of household participation on domestic
solid waste management practices by a factor of 1.9501 probability level of significant than
those low income group households. The possible assumptions are income has a significant
effect on proper handling of wastes. This is in agreement with common understanding that
solid waste quantities generated are directly proportional to household income level and
household participation on domestic solid waste proper handling practices. The finding
was consistence with studies conducted elsewhere [31]. The results also strongly conform
to hypothesized relationships between HHs level of income and HHs participation in
domestic solid waste management.
Access to small-scale enterprises service: Households having access to small-scale
enterprises service is positively influenced community participation at 10% level of
significance. The odds ratio result indicates that households having an access to small-scale
enterprises had a probability of participating in solid waste management activity by a
factor of 2.33 probabilities than their counter parts. The possible reason is small-scale
enterprise businesses usually collect materials from the stream, at low cost, saving the
government expenditure and increases the level of community participation through
multiple job creation and brings an opportunity to households that could be engaged in
proper domestic solid waste management practice. This finding was related with the study
conducted by [6]. The results also strongly conform to hypothesized relationships between
HHs access to SSESC and HHs participation in domestic solid waste management.
Supply of waste disposal facility: supply of waste disposal facility within the community is
significantly affects the probability of household participation on domestic solid waste
management activities at 10% level of significance. The odds ratio result indicates that a
household having an access to waste disposal facility had a probability to participate on
domestic solid waste management activity by a factor of 2.02 probabilities than their
counter parts. This finding was consistent with [15]. The results also strongly conform to
hypothesized relationships between HHs access to waste disposal facility and HHs
participation in domestic solid waste management.
CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATION
This study was conducted to identify constraints of community participation in domestic
solid waste management activities in Sodo City. Data were collected from 204 sample
households from four kebeles (Fana, Gebeya, Gido, and Selam). The study focused on
household participation in domestic solid waste management practices through
demographic, socio-economic, and institutional variables that influence household
participation on domestic solid waste management activities of the City. To attain the
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stated objectives, the researcher used both descriptive and econometric model analysis i.e.
binary logit model.
The descriptive inference of this study demonstrated that from 204 household head were
included in the study population. Out of this 42.5%, households were not participated and
the remaining 57.5% households were participated on proper domestic waste
management activities (i.e. segregation, storage, transportation, and final disposal practice)
The descriptive result shows that comparable number of households in the town
characterized by weak/poor level of participation (42.5%).This means that significant
number of households in the City who were not fully participated in their domestic solid
waste management practices (segregation, storage, transportation and final disposal) at
home, rater than they disposed their waste indiscriminately to river banks or along roads,
avenues, drainage channels (ditches),open space (Greeneries) and around residential area
environmentally unsound manner.
The binary logit regression result shows that out of 12 explanatory variables included in
the study to determine the influence of independent variable on the probability of HH
participation on domestic solid waste management activities, 7 variables were found
significant at 1 percent, 5 percent, and 10 percent probability levels. The influential
significant variables were HH education, HH income, HH access to main road, HH access to
small scale enterprise service and HH access to supply of waste facility is positively affect
the probability of household participation. On the other hand, HH sex and HH marital status
were significant but negatively affected the probability of household participation in
domestic solid waste management practices.
Based on descriptive and econometric analysis, the following policy implications are
forwarded to raise the level of community participation in domestic solid waste
management for the town: Since the overall waste management practices of the town is so
poor, establishing municipal structures at kebele level to work with the community based
organizations and traditional institutions like “Idir” in educating the public on proper
handling and disposal as well as its enforcing regulations enacted by the government is
preferable than being silent.
This study found that community participation was significantly influenced by households’
attitudes; knowledge and perception towards domestic solid waste management.
Therefore, these factors need immediate responses by City administration to teach the
community in collaboration with stalk holders to bring better community participation in
the City. City administration is also responsible to teach the community through meetings,
displaying poster, disseminating broacher and the need for more efforts to increase
environmental education campaigns in order to get people involved in domestic solid
waste management. As to how residents should participate in domestic solid waste
management in their locality. Hence, awareness creation should get priority in community
participation in domestic solid waste management practice of the City is crucial.
• Promotion of environmental education, information and capacity building training
within the communities is crucial to improve the future status of community
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Ayano, N. B., & Meja, M. F. (2021). Constraints of Community Participation on Domestic Solid Waste Management in Sodo City, Wolayita
Ethiopia. Archives of Business Research, 9(2). 257-278.
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.9241. 276
participation in domestic solid waste management by the City Environmental
Protection Office and Municipality.
• Promotion and provision of support for community-based initiatives to seek
solutions to waste management, sanitation, and access to resources. By City
Administration in collaboration with City Health Office.
• Creation of community forum that is responsible for facilitating community
participation, developing integrated environmental developmental and spatial plans
in relation to domestic solid waste management. By Municipality and Environmental
Protection Office.
• The study found that educated households experience better participation than
those households fall under illiterate and primary education level. Therefore,
promotion of education is central to address problems of community participation
in the City. Specifically, the responsible body widens the horizons of education, for
the coming generation the creation of human capital in the sphere of better
education increases the participation of the community, and it has been seen as the
most effective indirect way of addressing the problem of community participation
on domestic solid waste management.
• The study found that small-scale enterprise service coverage throughout the City
significantly affected community participation in domestic solid waste management
activities. Because one of the best ways to enhance society’s involvement in solid
waste management is to strengthen private waste collector, the society serve by
them by making payments. Hence, it reduces the burden of governmental agency
(municipality). Presently in the City, only two SSE served 1,731 permanent clients
that were below 10%. This clearly indicates that low service coverage by SSE.
Therefore, City municipality provides adequate number of SSE to enlarge service
coverage with some sort of subsidy in order to attract them. Finally, these
businesses activity usually remove materials from the waste stream at low cost,
saving the government budget and increase the level of community participation
through multiple job creation to the youth. Therefore, City Administration organizes
SSE on the field of domestic solid waste collection because the existing service
coverage is not sufficient on its sizes and scope.
• The study found that supply of waste facility within the community significantly
affects household participation on domestic solid waste management activities.
Because, the existing inadequate supply of waste containers and longer distance to
those containers increase the probability of domestic waste dumping in open area
and along roadsides in relation to use communal containers, So that the City
Administration create convenient access to this units for the dwellers will cut down
improper littering and alleviate some of the pressure on municipalities.
• Lastly, the study identified that households having an access to main road
significantly affect household participation on domestic solid waste management
activities through transporting the collected waste to private collectors, SSE and
street wipers at the source. Therefore, the responsible bodies (City administrators &
Municipality) widening road infrastructure provisions with standard quality is
essential to raise household participation on domestic solid waste management.
Finally, community participation on domestic solid waste management activity is
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not only the problem of Sodo City; rather it is the problem for the country as well.
Therefore, the community themselves, government, NGO and other stakeholders
should strengthen their involvement to raise the level of community participation in
near future
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